A #Beneficial_situation causes an improvement in a #Benefitted_situation. In many cases, a #Beneficiary (an individual postively affected by the #Benefitted_situation) is mentioned instead of or in addition to the #Benefitted_situation. In some cases, a #Benefactor brings about the #Beneficial_situation and is mentioned in its place. Some lexical units of this frame are marked with the semantic type ""Negative"", indicating a disimprovement of the #Benefitted_situation. In many cases, a #Beneficial_situation FE also contains a mention of a #Benefactor, in which case we use dual FE-layer annotation to indicate both FEs: Unlike in Commerce_scenario, the recipient is not presented as paying for the good or service that they receive. Targets from the Cause_harm frame (e.g., injure.v) and from the Damaging frame (e.g. damage.n) are very frequently used metaphorically to indicate the opposite of the Conferring_benefit frame. These should be annotated in the Cause_harm and Damaging frames and marked with the Metaphor sentence tag.

The #Content (an external or cognitive event or situation) comes into the awareness of an #Experiencer, resulting in a noticeable change in the #Experiencer's conception of the #Content or entities and facts associated with it.

This frame is concerned with #Units of measurement for distance and linear extent. These #Units are used to be appropriately precise about a distance or length measure by specifying a #Count for a standardly understood #Unit. When nouns of this frame are used to specify the linear extent of some #Stuff, there are a number of constructions for expressing the #Stuff, including transparent noun constructions (1) and (2) and prenominal modifiers (3).

Este frame refere-se á organização dos turnos de uma conversa, durante os quais um dos participantes (#Comunicadores) assume, seguindo determinadas regras, o papel de #Enunciador, enquanto o outro #Comunicador (ou demais #Comunicadores) assume o papel de #Compreendedor.

This frame concerns permanent organizations (the #Institutions) that are intended to help members of the #Target_group in a particular #Domain with a #Service_action. Most or all relevant members of the #Target_group have a direct relationship with the #Institution.

A #Communicator publically communicates some difficult-to-express #Content which they (or a social group of which they are a member) have had for some time. The #Content may not have been previously communicated due to inability or social stricture. In cases where the individuals addressed are a smaller group than the public at large, a separate #Addressee may be expressed.

An #Item is the only instance of its #Type.

A #Feature of an #Entity serves to distinguish the #Entity from other members of its type which have a different value for the #Feature. Note that the #Entity is often implicit.

A #Term is the linguistic sign conventionally used by a #Speaker to refer to a type of #Entity.

A #Speaker conventionally uses a particular #Term to refer to an #Entity.

A linguistic #Form has a particular #Meaning, possibly restricted to a particular #Textual_location. Some linguistic #Forms, nouns and nominal expressions, also can refer to an object in the real or an imagined world, a #Referent.

This frame contains general words for Individuals, i.e. humans. The #Person is conceived of as independent of other specific individuals with whom they have relationships and independent of their participation in any particular activity. They may have an #Age, #Descriptor, #Origin, #Persistent_characteristic, or #Ethnicity.

An #Individual belongs to a group that is categorized in terms of the political views on particular issues that the members of the group tend to share, in opposition to other groups that hold different beliefs on the issues. The views on particular issues that the #Individual shares with the other members are assumed to result from general principles or beliefs rather than being accidental or temporary.

The LUs in this frame refer to #Fighters in #Military_organizations according to their specialty in general or their function at a particular place and time. The #Fighter may be part of a nation-state's armed forces or may be a member of an irregular military organization.

This frame contains words for individuals as viewed in terms of their social conditions and their #Social_framing. The #Person is conceived of as a human being described. They may have a #Descriptor, #Origin, #Persistent_characteristic, or #Ethnicity. A specific #Age may sometimes be specified as well.

This frame contains words for individuals, i.e. humans, with respect to their #Ethnicity. The #Ethnicity is generally incorporated, but may occasionally be specified separately. The #Person is conceived of as independent of other specific individuals with whom they have relationships and independent of their participation in any particular activity. They may have an #Age, #Descriptor, #Persistent_characteristic, or #Origin.

This frame contains words for Individuals as viewed in terms of their vocation. The #Person is conceived of as independent of other specific individuals with whom they have relationships and independent of their participation in any particular activity. They may have a #Descriptor, #Origin, #Persistent_characteristic, or #Ethnicity. A specific #Age may sometimes be specified as well.

This frame contains general words for Individuals, i.e. humans, whose specific acts or general behavior is evaluated against standards of morality or rightness. The #Person may have an #Age, #Descriptor, #Origin, #Persistent_characteristic, or #Ethnicity.

This frame contains words for individuals, i.e. humans, who are governed by virtue of being registered in a certain #Jurisdiction. Alternatively, they may be conceptualized with respect to their governance by a political or religious #Authority They may have an #Age, #Descriptor, #Persistent_characteristic, or #Ethnicity.

frm_people_by_transit_mode

This frame contains words for individuals, i.e. humans, with respect to their #Origin. The #Origin is generally incorporated, but may occasionally be specified separately. The #Person is conceived of as independent of other specific individuals with whom they have relationships and independent of their participation in any particular activity. They may have an #Age, #Descriptor, #Persistent_characteristic, or #Ethnicity.

This frame contains words for individuals, i.e. humans, with respect to their proximity of residence. This relationship may be defined either symmetrically (as #Residents) or asymmetrically (in terms of a #Known_resident and a #Indicated_resident). The #Residents or the #Indicated_resident may have an #Age, #Descriptor, #Persistent_characteristic, or #Ethnicity specified.

This frame contains words for individuals as viewed in terms of the transitory activities they are performing. The #Person is conceived of as a human being performing a transitory #Activity. They may have a #Descriptor, #Origin, #Persistent_characteristic, or #Ethnicity. A specific #Age may sometimes be specified as well as the #Time and the #Place in which the #Person is performing the transitory #Activity.

This frame contains words for individuals, i.e. humans, with respect to their #Religion. The #Religion is generally incorporated, but with some lexical units it is specified separately.

A #Person is considered in regards to some leisure activity in which she is engaged.

This frame contains words for individuals as viewed in terms of their age. The #Person is conceived of as independent of other specific individuals with whom they have relationships and independent of their participation in any particular activity. They may have a #Descriptor, #Origin, #Persistent_characteristic, or #Ethnicity. A specific #Age may sometimes be specified as well.

A #Person with a #Disability who, depending on the circumstances, may need specific resources and/or legal rights capable of guaranteeing full and effective participation in society on an equal footing with other people.

A group of people (the #Interlocutors or #Interlocutor_1 and #Interlocutor_2 together) have a conversation. No person is construed as only a speaker or only an addressee. Rather, it is understood that both (or all) participants do some speaking and some listening--the process is understood to be symmetrical or reciprocal. In this frame, the purpose of the conversation is generally social, rather than specifically to decide something or exchange information, or to quarrel (see Discussion and Quarreling).

A law enforcement #Agency is tasked by a government with guaranteeing compliance with the laws in a particular Jurisdiction.

A #Substance causes an #Effect. The #Substance is produced by a process understood as directed towards the #Effect. The #Name for the material that makes up the substance may also be given.

This frame contains perception words whose perceivers intentionally direct their attention to some entity or phenomenon in order to have a perceptual experience. For this reason we call the perceiver role in this frame #Perceiver_agentive. Comparing the Perception_active frame to the Perception_experience frame, we note that for some modalities there are different lexical items in each frame. For instance, whereas Perception_active contains the verb phrase look at, Perception_experience contains see. For other sense modalities, we find the same lexical item in both frames. To illustrate, consider the verb smell. This first sentence exemplifies the Perception_active use of the verb smell: This second sentence exemplifies its Perception_experience sense:

This is an abstract frame for durative activities, in which the #Agent enters an ongoing state of the #Activity, remains in this state for some #Duration of #Time, and leaves this state either by finishing or by stopping. The #Agent's #Activity should be intentional. This frame is intended mostly for the inheritance of common FEs, and to provide the frame structure for the beginning, ongoing, finish, or stop stage of an #Activity, each of which constitutes a subframe of this frame. This frame should be compared to the Process frame.

An #Agent has completed an #Activity.

An #Agent finishes an #Activity, which can no longer logically continue. This frame is a subframe of #Activity.

An #Agent is in an unfinished part of an activity.

An #Agent resumes participation in an #Activity. Progress on the #Activity is retained from before the interruption. [The Kinshasa government|age] has [resumed|Target] [supporting Rwandan rebels|act].

An #Agent pauses in the course of an #Activity.

An #Agent remains in a particular stage of an #Activity, without progressing in the activity.

An #Agent initiates the beginning of an ongoing #Activity in which he will be continuously involved.

An #Agent ceases an #Activity without completing it.

An #Agent prepares for an #Activity.

The #Protagonist is in an initial state, before beginning to be involved in the #Activity, but all pre-conditions for performance of the #Activity have been satisfied. In many cases, the #Protagonist is an intentional agent, but there are other uses in which the agent is deprofiled, and the #Protagonist is an entity which is essential to the #Activity. Alternatively, the #Activity may be indicated by a #Salient_entity which stands in for the #Activity. This #Salient_entity may also be an intentional agent, but need not be.

An #Agent is performing the portion of an #Activity in which there is dynamic stability.

A #Behavior, attributed to an #Evaluee, conforms with or is heavily influenced by a popular trend or practice, often in the realm of fashion, design, though extending social and interactional behavior in general. Trendiness differs from Popularity in adding a factor of aesthetic or other judgment to behaviors and individuals, and judging these with respect to social behavior; Popularity is about amount of acceptability or utilization based on general (often non-aesthetic) desirability.

There exist a number of different possible #Situations that may happen in the future. (In some cases, the #Situation is concurrent or past, and only the knowledge of which has happened is in the future.) In most cases, there is an #Agent involved who has to consider which of the possible #Situations will or should occur. A #Salient_entity which is deeply involved in the #Situation may also be mentioned. While all the members of this frame denote possible situations, in principle, this frame could be split into a number of subtypes on the following basis: 1. Future.n, and most uses of alternative.n and possibility.n all evoke nothing more than a simple possible situation (not necessarily an #Situation) with no #Agent; the remaining frames would inherit from this. 2. Use.n evokes different possible things that can be done with a #Salient_entity (i.e., #Purposes) and thus uses the Using frame; in this frame, the target denotes the #Purpose that can be achieved. 3. way.n evokes different events that can lead to an Outcome (not necessarily a #Purpose); this frame should use the Means frame. In this frame, the target denotes the possible Means actions. 4. option.n, choice.n, and many instances of alternative.n and possibility.n, evoke possible #Situations that an implicit or explicit #Agent can bring about at will. A #Purpose that would be served by bringing these #Situations about may be mentioned. A #Salient_entity related to the #Purpose may occur in place of the #Purpose.

In this frame, there is a #Profiled_alternative that the speaker wishes to primarily focus on and which is mutually exclusive with a #Contrasting_alternative. It is not possible for both to be true in the same context with the same participants, although the described situation may be true of the same entities at different times, or true of different entities at the same time. Frames inheriting from this one, e.g. Negation, may indicate which of the alternatives is imagined to be the case, but in other frames related to this one, e.g. Conditional_scenario and Alternatives, both alternatives are presented as possible, and which one is true remains an open question.

This frame is only for words that are used as the #Titles of individuals. The #Title is applied to a #Name (surname or full name) and often designates their rank within a man-made institution (e.g. chief, king, bishop, brother) or general social status (mr., miss), or may indicate a kinship relationship (cousin, aunt). Pairings of Title and Name can be used as vocatives (see Attention_getting), while the Titles may not always be vocative on their own. Most LUs of this frame are related to LUs of the Leadership or Kinship frames, but some (e.g. Lady, Mr., Brother) occur only here. These LUs differ from normal examples of LUs in Leadership or Kinship in that the LUs are used simply as vocatives or as modifiers of names, to indicate how the individual fits into the general or specific social context.

An #Entity (generally food) is exposed to a #Heat_source whose #Temperature may also be specified. Generally, the #Entity undergoes some sort of change as a result of this process.

This frame describes a certain type of mathematical scenario in which two numbers, labeled #Term1 and #Term2, interact via some mathematical operation.

This frame describes types of arithmetic operations and statements which have the commutative property, i.e. the operation is bi-directional, e.g. addition and multiplication. The terms involved are either individually labeled #Term1 and #Term2 or grouped together as a single noun phrase labeled #Terms.

This frame describes types of arithmetic operations and statements which are not commutative, i.e. the operation is uni-directional, e.g. subtraction and division. Because of the non-commutative nature, terms must be separated from each other in the form of #Term_1 and #Term_2 instead of a combined Terms FE.

An #Artifact is deliberately made or modified by an intelligent entity to be put to a certain kind of #Use. Various properties of the #Artifact may be specified, such as its #Creator, #Time_of_creation, #Name, #Type, and the #Material of which it is composed. The #Artifact may or may not be a physical entity.

A #Component has a distinct #Function in the operation of a complex #Artifact, which is not regarded as complete unless it is assembled from a number of different #Components. Each #Component may also be described by their #Creator, #Time_of_creation, or #Material.

Perspective on Reciprocality in which #Protagonist_1 acts on or is related to #Protagonist_2. The relation or event is construed as asymmetrical, inasmuch as #Protagonist_1 is presented as more agentive, if agency is involved (such as in conversation, participating), and #Protagonist_2 is presented as more passive. In cases of comparison or other relations (e.g. resembling, being near), #Protagonist_2 is construed as suitable as a reference for #Protagonist_1, often because #Protagonist_2 is more temporally stable and/or is more salient and widely known.

Resources that provide greater accessibility and autonomy to an #Individual with a #Disability. These can be products, equipments, devices, resources, methodologies, strategies, practices and services that help overcome barriers.

The search for entertainment is, basically, what motivates the #Tourist to visit a #Place. S/he wishes to see and/or enjoy the benefits that a #Place or an #Attraction can offer. The kinds of attractions might be described separately to emphasize their specialties. Though they are described in separate events, all kinds of attractions may be regarded from three different perspectives: that of the Tourist, that of the Attraction itself and that of the Touristic Potential of a Place.

An #Entity has a particular #Attribute with some #Value. This frame is primarily for inheritance.

An #Entity began its existence in the context of a location of #Origin, which is a discourse-salient place, or culture.

A #Fugitive avoids recapture by or on the authority of #Authorities in relation to a #Crime which the #Fugitive has committed or is suspected of having committed.

A Self-moving #Escapee departs from an #Undesirable_location.

A #Self_mover responds to a (real or imagined) danger by moving away from it.

The LUs in this frame refer to biological entities other than human beings and animals, which are labeled by the FE #Plant.

This frame concerns the inception of the life of a #Child, generally human, at a particular #Time and #Place. The #Relatives may also be mentioned.

This frame has to do with scientific taxonomy. The lexical units in this frame include the seven major classifications in which organisms are grouped based on common biological characteristics. These classifications are labeled #Rank in this frame. The #Members or #Subtype of the #Rank is often expressed with the use of the target-denoting noun.

This frame contains words that denote large ecological areas as well as smaller locations characterized by the type of life present--in other words, geography locations as defined by biota.

The LUs in this frame refer to biological entities labeled by the FE #Organism. An #Organism is described as something that can be alive, or have naturally occuring biological processes and functions; however the concept of life is often used metaphorically for non-organic entities which resemble or act as if they have organic life.

Biological_entity_by_eating_habits

A trigger mechanism brings about a change in a biological system.

An #Experiencer is in a #State where a biological urge is signaling the need to perform a certain action such as eating, drinking, stopping exertion, sleeping, regurgitating, or having sex. The #Duration, #Time, #Place, or #Degree of intensity associated with the occurrence of the urge may also be indicated. In this frame, the #Experiencer does not necessarily want to perform the action that would fulfill the urge, and there is no specific focus associated with the urge.

A #Cognizer decides upon the #Chosen (either an item or a course of action) out of a set of #Possibilities . The #Cognizer may have an #Inherent_purpose or a #Larger_purpose for the #Chosen. Often an #Explanation, which serves as the basis of the choice, is given.

An #Agent is described as pursuing an #Activity, expending some effort. The #Agent may be active in a particular #Role. Alternatively, the #Activity itself may be described as having an #Agent who is expending effort. In some cases, the Activity may involve a #Salient_entity which may stand in for it.

A #Protagonist is awake at some #Time and #Place. This entails the #Protagonist having a higher general level of awareness of the surroundings than when asleep.

An #Item is attached by a #Handle, via a #Connector, to a #Goal, or #Items are attached to each other. There may be a #Dependent_state, which depends crucially on #Item(s) being attached.

An #Entity meets the pre-conditions for participating in an #Activity that is judged to be difficult for it to participate in, either due to inherent properties of the #Entity or temporary #Circumstances. A #Degree modifier may indicate by how much the #Entity exceeds or falls short of the minimum requirements.

An #Employee has a #Position doing work in a particular #Field, or doing work on a particular #Task, for which an #Employer gives #Compensation to the #Employee.

This frame concerns entities conventionally being referred to by particular names.

A #Theme is in a stable position with respect to a #Location.

An #Item is in a state of wetness with the possibility of the wetting #Liquid being mentioned, along with the #Degree of wetness.

A #Protagonist has become aware of a possible #Danger (a dangerous event or a #Dangerous_entity that might participate in an event harmful to the #Protagonist) and is ready to engage in an #Activity in response to that #Danger.

A particular #Binding_principle is (or is not) operative, that is, any obligations, restrictions, and any other aspects of the #Binding_principle are (or are not) in effect. The #Binding_principle can be expressed as being in effect for a particular #Duration, or at a particular #Time or #Place, or under certain #Circumstances. Although the in effect is properly in this frame, (put) into effect is analyzed in the Execute_plan frame. This is in part because to put an (evacuation) plan into effect is to actually execute the plan (to evacuate), while to put a plan in effect is to determine that in the future the plan may have to executed, i.e., to make the plan binding. Similar observations can be made for come into effect.

A #Dependent state-of-affairs has a #Requirement as a prerequisite for obtaining or occurring.

Under some #Condition, usually left implicit, a #Responsible_party is required to perform some #Duty. If they do not perform the #Duty, there may be some undesirable #Consequence, which may or may not be stated overtly. NB: Contrast this frame with Likelihood and Preconditions frames, which involve many of the same lemmas. Many LUs which might be expected to be found here (should, must, have to) are actually in the Required_event frame. Our analysis is that these LUs do not evoke an obligation directly, although they are frequently used in contexts that are consistent with an understanding of obligation and are pragmatically strengthened to (defeasibly) imply an obligation.

Under some #Condition, usually left implicit, a #Duty needs to be fulfilled by a #Responsible_party. If the #Duty is not performed, there may be some undesirable #Consequence for the #Responsible_party, which may or may not be stated overtly. Compare this frame to the Being_obligated frame.

An #Item is detached from a #Source, or #Items are detached from each other.

A #Topical_entity has properties which are affected by the existence and association of an #Entity.

An #Entity is affected by an #Event.

A #Part is considered to be a member of the set described by the #Total. The relationship between #Part and #Total subset-superset rather than part-whole (as it is in the frames Part_whole and Including).

An organic item, the #Patient, has undergone the natural process of rotting and decaying with a possible expression of the #Degree to which the rotting has occurred.

A #System interacts with the environment (which may include a volitional agent) and goes into operation in accordance with its intended purpose.

The speaker believes that some state of affairs or entity (the #Requirement) must be present in order to cause some other dependent state of affairs to occur (the #Dependent). In the typical case, the #Cognizer desires the occurrence of the #Dependent and so also desires the obtainment or occurrence of the #Requirement.

A #Target_symbol in a #Target_representation system is presented as equivalent to a #Source_symbol in a #Source_representation system in the ability to express a particular #Content.

A #Phenomenon is related to some cognitive action, the #Endeavor, of a #Cognizer. In many LUs, the #Cognizer is null-instantiated and implied as being the speaker or another participant of the #Endeavor.

The #Cognizers have a similarity (or dissimilarity) in their #Opinion. The #Cognizers may be expressed separately, with #Cognizer_2 being the basis for establishing the #Opinion of #Cognizer_1. Rather than a specific #Opinion, a phenomenon about which a similar or differing #Opinion is held, the #Topic, may be specified. A specific #Opinion may also go unmentioned when the #Opinions of the #Cognizers are understood as answers to a #Question.

In this situation, a #Trajector is contained inside a #Landmark. This frame serves only to relate the Containing frame (with LUs such as contain.v) with the Interior_profile_relation frame (with LUs such as inside.prep).

Being_free

An #Item is in a state of dryness.

This frame describes the experience of expecting and bearing a child, from the perspective of the parent(s).

A #Prisoner is punished for committing a #Crime by being confined to a #Prison for a specified period of time.

A #Theme is held in captivity by an #Agent or #Cause.

An #Asset is in a state where it is exposed to or otherwise liable to be affected by a #Harmful_event, which may be metonymically evoked by reference to a #Dangerous_entity. Words expressing relative safety (i.e., lack of risk) are also in this frame.

A #Protagonist waits for an #Expected_request, and is prepared to respond to the request when it comes by engaging in an #Activity. Alternatively, the #Protagonist waits for a #Salient_entity involved in the request, most often realized as the person making the request.

An #Object with an understood function is or is not in a state ready to perform that function.

A #Device or machine is in (or out of) service. Note that being broken or functional is a separate issue from being turned on or off. This latter notion is what the present frame is concerned with.
The #Time when and the #Place where the #Device is in use may be specified, as may be the Purpose a backgrounded human User had in turning the Device on or off.

A #Part is profiled as being a subset or constituent subpart of a #Whole. This is in contrast to Inclusion frame, wherein the same relation is seen from the point of view of the #Whole.

In this frame, an #Entity or #Behavior is suspicious or otherwise subject to question. The general implication is that the #Entity or #Behavior provides evidence for some (as yet unproven) socially undesirable conclusion about a (usually implicit) #Social_actor. (Such conclusions often include the idea that some individual is lying, or that a crime was committed.)

A #Profiled_region is picked out which is near to the #Ground to a certain #Degree. (For LUs marked with the semantic type Negative, the #Profiled_region is the region which is far from the #Ground.) The #Profiled_region cannot contact or overlap the location of the #Ground, as contact, in English, is a categorically different situation--see Contact_image_schema and Collocation_image_schema.

A #Color serves as a landmark in color-space, either a point-like landmark (e.g. burnt sienna) or a broader region (e.g. blue). Especially when the #Color designates a broad region in color-space, it may be defined with a specific #Type, further specified by comparison to the color of a #Comparand, modified by a #Color_qualifier, or evaluated with a #Descriptor. All color words are generally used to specify the color of some (physical) #Entity.

An #Experiencer, #Expressor, or #State can be described as characterized as having an emotion of fear concerning a particular #Topic or as evoked by a #Stimulus.

A #Person or #Institution is being described in terms of their wealthiness, in other words the amount of money in their possession.

A generally large group of people, the #Combatants, are engaged in a chaotic, violent, and usually protracted #Fight amongst themselves. There are no distinct sides, and generally no particular goal (compare Hostile_encounter). The #Fight may be described as having a #Manner or #Degree of violence. #Time and #Place may also be expressed.

A #Defender responds to an #Assailant's attack on a #Victim by directly, and usually violently, countering it.

A #Protagonist performs some #Action without fully considering the circumstances under which he or she acts, or the possibly (negative) consequences of the #Action. Alternatively, the #Action itself may be portrayed as having been performed under rushed circumstances.

An #Experiencer continually thinks about some #Topic whose consequences are important to the #Experiencer and considered not yet known or resolved. The #Experiencer has difficulty in NOT thinking about the #Topic and continually feels the urge to act in some way, but the available actions are not sufficiently productive to be satisfying or to ensure a good outcome related to the #Topic. As a result, worry may drive the #Experiencer to negative consequences like unsettled digestion, disturbed sleep, and frantic, pointless, and repetitive action. This frame can be thought of as a blend of a basic emotion frame with Cogitation, but differs from Cogitation in emphasizing the emotional consequence of thinking about something. This frame has similarities to Experiencer_focus, but here the verbs are more 'active' in meaning. (For example, they often occur in negative imperatives, e.g. ""Don't worry!''). They also differ from Experiencer_focus verbs in that they occur with #Topic expressions and can be used in the present progressive: All of these characteristics are a result of Worry being an activity that has a duration and is partially under the control of the #Experiencer.

An #Agent or #Cause removes a piece of #Information from a #Document such that it cannot be retrieved.

Count

A #Sleeper transitions from a state of consciousness where they are largely unaware of their environment to a wakeful state.

This frame pertains to noise verbs used to characterize motion. Motion_noise verbs take largely the same #Source, #Path and #Goal expressions as other types of Motion verbs.

An #Entity has ceased to exist.

This frame characterizes any scenario in which the presence of a fire necessitates an emergency response in order to mitigate damage directly caused by the fire.

A #Protagonist which had been dead returns to life.

A #Fire burns #Fuel, resulting in damage and possibly complete destruction of the #Fuel.

A #Fire goes out.

The #Jury discuss the #Case and its #Charges in order to evaluate the #Possible_sentence of the accused.

An #Agent enacts an #Action that is intended to be performed again at one or more later #Occasions. The goal of practicing is to ensure that the action at the later #Occasion(s) comes off flawlessly.

An #Agent actively maintains or improves their level of phyiscal fitness. The action may target a specific #Body_part, or happen through a particular #Means.

A relation holds between #Entity_1 and #Entity_2.

This is an abstract frame for events which allows annotation of verbal targets according to the reduced, general set of frame elements proposed by the Boulder group.

The size of an #Entity is assessed in terms of the #Degree by which it deviates from the norm. The size generally refers to the amount of three-dimensional space that is occupied by the #Entity, not primarily to its weight, density, or length, which is why it is peculiar to refer to a bullet as ""large"", even if it is heavy, unless it actually has larger dimensions than usual, or to a rope as ""big"", even if it is long, unless its other, cross-sectional dimensions are also significant. There are an enormous number of productive metaphors that involve this frame as the source domain; two of the most frequent metaphors come from the target domains of quantity/amount and importance. Subcases of the quantity/amount and importance metaphors are also prominent. These involve cases describing the extent of an action's, event's, or person's effect (""his influence on her work was massive""), as well as those related to events (""big party""), similarity (""gigantic difference""), communication (""giant misunderstanding""), and emotions (""great joy"", ""little joys""). Other productive metaphors include those dealing with groups (in terms of their number of members, net worth, importance to the economy, i.e. ""giant electronics company"") and those describing sound volume (""in a tiny voice"", ""the enormous thundering of her heart""). The target domain of fame, by contrast, occurs in a non-productive metaphor, found especially with big.a and huge.a. Maturity and age also occur in non-productive metaphors (""big boy"", ""little baby"").

This frame is concerned with the likelihood of a #Hypothetical_event occurring. The #Hypothetical_event is its only core frame element. Notice that in the case where a noun phrase is the subject of the Support Verb, that NP is also tagged as #Hypothetical_event.

This frame characterizes the likelihood that a #Hypothetical_event will happen as a position on a scale of impossible to inevitable. The likelihood can expressed as numerical #Odds or a metaphorical representation of the #Position on a scale.

frm_vinculação

An #Agent acts in a certain #Manner either generally or under some particular #Circumstances. The conduct may also be directed specifically towards an #Affected_party.

An [Agent|Agent] has the means to affect a #Theme along the lines of a certain #Domain. There is an imbalance of influence or power within a certain #Domain that favors the #Agent (often due to some #Source) over the #Theme.

These are words referring to control by a #Leader over a particular entity or group (the #Governed) or an #Activity. The frame contains both nouns referring to a title or position (e.g. director, king, president), and verbs describing the action of leadership (e.g. rule, reign). With verbs, it is possible to mention the #Role played by the #Leader (often a name of a leading position, e.g., king) Compare to: Appellations.

The military #Force of a #Possessor (either a nation, institution, or private individual) conducts large-scale activities in a #Area to accomplish military or combined military/non-military goals. This frame construes the operation asymmetrically: the #Force acts with respect to military and political entities in the target #Area. Compare this to (usually, but not always, lower-level and violent) military actions that can be understood symmetrically (war, battle, encounter, engagement, etc).

Some #Possessor, either a nation, institution, or private individual, controls a #Force whose primary functions to defend the #Possessor (or, in the case of an institution or individual, some area of land significant to them) and to carry out offensive actions for the #Possessor. The #Domain of operation of the #Force may be expressed.

The frame concerns the vehicles that human beings use for the purpose of transportation.

An entity is integrated into a vehicle as a #Part of a (possibly unexpressed) #Whole which may refer to the whole vehicle or merely to a sub-part of the vehicle.

This frame is concerned with the sounds produced by animate entities by means of their vocal tracts. Descriptions of sounds from artifacts meant to emulate such sounds, or to act as vocalizing animals or people, are also treated here as figurative language.

The #Behavior of an #Evaluee is described in terms of the reaction it deserves from somebody, such as praise, blame or admiration.

Temporal_deixis

A #Subpart of a #Time_period is picked out. In some cases, the part (as opposed to the entire #Time_period) may be described by a #Subpart_property. The #Time_period may be indicated by an event which takes place during the #Time_period.

Ambient conditions of temperature, precipitation, windiness, and sunniness pertain at a certain #Place and #Time. Further #Specification of the conditions that pertain may also be indicated.

An #Event is identified as occurring at a particular #Distance and in a particular #Direction from a #Landmark_event. The lexical units incorporate the #Direction and, in some cases, the #Landmark_event. This frame builds on the Direction frame, further specifying the Domain as Time. This frame will receive some of the lexical units currently found in Relative_time.

A salient #Subevent has a #Pattern of recurrence within a larger #Process.

LUs in this frame denote a period of time in which an #Action is possible or required. The #Duration of this time period can be either exact or inexact. An #Agent who performs the #Action may also be mentioned.

The words in this frame describe a period of time, as opposed to a point in time.

A Trajector is identified as occurring at the same time as some better-known Landmark. We consider sequenced calendric units (e.g. Tuesday, 1987, January) as periods for the purposes of this frame. Some lexical items allow certain types of frame elements while disallowing others (e.g. *[During|Target] Tuesday...). Several words of this frame (e.g. now.adv) have deictic incorporation of the #Landmark_period.

A #Perpetrator (generally intentionally) commits a #Crime, i.e. does something not permitted by the laws of society.

This frame characterizes the situation in which a #Firefighter acts to prevent a #Fire from occurring, accelerating, or affecting important things such as people, buildings, possessions, and valued natural areas. This frame is primarily present as the target domain of a metaphor that maps the entire domain of Hostile_encounter to the domain of firefighting.

An #Agent causes a #Fire to no longer burn.

The words in this frame have to do with non-verbal communication. Topic is not normally expressed with these words. This seems to be related to the absence of a verbal code in cases of gestural communication. Topic can be viewed as a partial characterization of a #Message, but such partial characterization is either difficult or irrelevant in the absence of a verbal code.

The #Hearer receives a #Message or communication on a particular #Topic. Words in this frame denote events of verbal communication, but express the #Hearer rather than the #Speaker as an External Argument.

A #Suspect has been investigated and has a warrant issued for his or her arrest on certain #Charges.

A #Speaker addresses an #Audience on a particular #Topic. The #Audience is generally passive, although for many types of address (including academic talks and press conferences), a discussion or question-answer period is virtually always required.

Two individuals, the #Guest and the #Host are in a temporary social relationship within which the #Host provides use of a location or resources for the #Guest at a location highly associated with the #Host (in many cases, where the #Host lives or works). The #Guest is not expected to reciprocate the hospitality of the #Host while the relationship holds, though may be expected to act as #Host at a later time.

A #Host is judged regarding their attitude as a potential host in a guest-host relationship. The #Host exhibits a #Behavior that is judged as demonstrating a particular degree hospitality towards a #Guest. Alternatively, the #Host may reveal an #Expressor that indicates a particular sort of attitude.

Civil_rights_and_duties

This frame describes assembly or construction actions, where an #Agent joins #Components together to form a #Created_entity, which is profiled, and hence the object of the verb.

Grammatical_person

This frame contains words that describe a #Boundary between two #Entities. In many cases, the #Boundary is the border between an #Entity and some unnamed space, generally conceived of as empty.

This frame describes a situation in which an #Owner loses his or her #Possession. The #Owner may have failed to keep ownership of their #Possession (i.e. robbery or gambling) or may have unintentionally misplaced their #Possession.

This is the Frame which binds together the initial state of the #Donor possessing the #Theme, the transfer, and the final state of the #Donor not possessing the #Theme.

This non-lexical frame describes a scenario in which a #Perceiver fails to keep sight of a #Theme.

This frames describes a #Theme who evades the sight of a #Perceiver. The focus of this frame is the #Theme, which appears in subject position. This frame contrasts with the opposing perspective in Losing_track_of_theme, where the #Perceiver is the subject and the #Theme is the object.

This frames describes a #Perceiver who fails to keep sight of a #Theme. The focus of this frame is the #Perceiver, which appears in subject position. This frame contrasts with the opposing perspective in Losing_track_of_perceiver, where the #Perceiver is the object and the #Theme is the subject.

An #Protagonist goes from a default state of mental and emotional equilibrium into a temporary state of disequilibrium, often a state of anger. The #Protagonist's behavior is portrayed as deeply affected. An #Explanation for the change of state may be given. Likewise, #Actions that the #Protagonist takes as a result of their new emotional state may be expressed. Both #Explanations and #Actions may be introduced just as coordinated clauses. The lexical units also are frequently accompanied by expressions of an #Affected_party. This frame is populated by many lexical units that are based on the emotion-heat/pressure metaphor. Note also that many phrases with equivalent meaning to targets of this frame are compositional, e.g. 'go insane', which we treat as the LU insane.a (of the Mental_property frame) plus the inchoative support go.v.

A #Donor transfers a #Theme from a #Donor to a #Recipient. This frame includes only actions that are initiated by the #Donor (the one that starts out owning the #Theme). Sentences (even metaphorical ones) must meet the following entailments: the #Donor first has possession of the #Theme. Following the transfer the #Donor no longer has the #Theme and the #Recipient does.

An #Employee voluntarily leaves the service of an #Employer.

The sequence of events in which the #Donor begins in possession of the #Theme, then gives it to the #Recipient, relinquishing possession.

In this frame #Protagonist_1 and #Protagonist_2, collectively #Protagonists, allow one another to partake jointly the use of an #Entity .

An Agent ingests or begins to ingest a Food item that they have not had before with the intention of determining its quality on some scale. A Purpose for trying the Food may be explicitly mentioned.

Committe that represents a #Country in a sports event. It is composed of the athletes and coaching staff.

This describes a part_whole relationship where the #Part provides the boundary between the #Whole and what is not that object. The #Part can exist along a continuum of width. It can be modified by an #Orientation that specifies the particular portion of the edge of a #Part_prop which describes a property of the #Part.

This frame is concerned with transparent nouns denoting a #Piece of a #Substance. Also present is #Piece_prop which is a property of the #Piece, e.g. relating to its size. .

In this frame, there is a #Part of a #Whole in which the #Part is defined with respect to the canonical or inherent orientation of the #Whole. In cases where the [Target|Target] is an adjective, it has a special relationship with the noun that it modifies such that a phrase which is a syntactic argument of the noun is semantically available to fill the argument structure of the adjective, as in

In this frame a #Part is part of a larger #Whole comprised of parts that are ordered. The #Parts can be ordered temporally (first to last and vice versa) or vertically (down to up and vice versa). The #Part can be modified by the #Part_prop or the number of the part can be given by #Ordinality.

This frame concerns #Parts of objects that are defined relative to the center or edge of the object. The #Part is a part of the #Whole and the #Part_prop describes a property of the #Part. In cases where the [Target|Target] is an adjective, it has a special relationship with the noun that it modifies such that a phrase which is a syntactic argument of the noun is semantically available to fill the argument structure of the adjective, as in ""the [outside|Target] [row|Part] [of the class|Whole]""

This frame is concerned with nouns denoting a part or parts of a #Whole entity . The #Part is not defined relative to the #Whole's orientation, center, or edge and is not ordered. We also annotate properties of the #Part, e.g. relating to its size.

An #Agent causes an #Explosive device to explode.

The LUs of this frame describe a lump of #Dough expanding as gas develops inside it. This is part of a process where, in order to produce a lighter, more easily chewed bread, #Dough is leavened with yeast, baking soda or in another fashion to add gas to it before baking.

This frame concerns words that express an #Object's position on a scale, its #Measurement, with respect to some attribute, its #Dimension. #Locus, identifying the sub-region of the #Object where the #Dimension is measured, may also be expressed. Adjectives in this frame must appear with a measurement expression like 5 cm. Note the tagging of six feet on the GF and PT layers in the following sentence. The GF of six feet is Dep and the PT is NP.

This frame denotes simple #Events in which an #Entity is in a dynamic situation, usually punctually or continually changing to conform to the situation encoded in the Event_endstate. This frame also covers situations in which there is no significant difference between the pre- and post-states, but the dynamic situation that occurs between them is notably temporally bounded.

A physical #Exerter, #Action, or #Force exerts energy at a level specified by the target. This frame covers both individual-level/static uses (""an INTENSE person"") as well as stage-level/dynamic uses (""an INTENSE look""), although the individual-level meaning seems more basic. #Exerter, #Action, and #Force belong to a Core set. This frame also covers several productive metaphor cases. In the first one, movement or change caused by a social entity is conveyed as energy exerted by a physical entity. 'Social' here encompasses entities that are economic, political, technological, historical, cultural, and intimate: Relatedly, the influential effect of an psychological entity is described in terms of energy exertion by a physical entity. 'Psychological' includes the intellectual, emotional, and creative: Both metaphors appear to involve a third metaphor, which is the anthropomorphization of processes (see examples directly above) or inhuman entities (e.g. in nature): Further, there is a metonymy wherein energy exerted by people carrying out an activity characterizes instead a central object or other component of the activity: Compare to: Level_of_force_exertion.

An #Infractor acts carelessly, reckelessly or using excessive force against his #Opponent. In football, such fouls usually lead to a direct free kick.

In this frame, a #Communicator judges the #Addressee and then communicates that appraisal directly to the #Addressee. The judgment is given for a particular #Reason or about a particular #Topic.

An #Agent causes #Air to move in a direction, usually specifying either in or out of the body.

Discursive_deixis

Two (or more) people (the #Interlocutors, also encodable as #Interlocutor_1 and #Interlocutor_2) talk to one another. No person is construed as only a speaker or only an addressee. Rather, it is understood that both (or all) participants do some speaking and some listening--the process is understood to be symmetrical or reciprocal. This frame differs from the Chatting frame in that the #Interlocutors have a particular question that they are attempting to decide or understand.

In this frame a group of #Individuals meet to form a #Configuration. The #Individuals or the #Configuration may be expressed as the external argument of the predicates in this frame. In this frame, it is ambiguous whether or not the #Individuals intentionally come together. In an alternative construal, a grammatically more prominent #Party_1 congregates with a #Party_2, expressed as an oblique phrase. If this asymmetric construal is chosen, #Purpose relates only to #Party_1. The congregating happens in a certain #Place and at a certain #Time.

A #Recipient starts off without the #Theme in their possession, and then comes to possess it. Although the #Source from which the #Theme came is logically necessary, the #Recipient and its changing relationship to the #Theme is profiled.

In this scenario, the #Recipient begins without the #Theme, then acquires the #Theme from a #Source.

The #Tourist obtains the #Documents needed for her trip.

A new #Employee obtains a #Position with an #Employer, with which there are certain #Tasks associated; in exchange for the performance of these #Tasks, the #Employee receives #Compensation from the #Employer.

An #Item is located on a #Scale relative to a critical value which is determined by some #Enabled_situation. Generally, when the #Enabled_situation is left unexpressed the #Enabled_situation is interpreted to be the desirability of the #Item being located within a particular range on the #Scale. With many of the adjectives of this frame, the #Scale is not explicitly mentioned; in such cases, the #Scale is usually the quantity, incorporated in the meaning of the targets themselves, though in the case of [adequacy|Target], etc. the #Scale referred to is quality.

An #Event takes place at a #Place and #Time.

The endstate of a simple event X-schema.

This frame describes a particular instance of an event.

The initial state of a simple event X-schema.

This frame refers to events which promote the transit of people from different locations. Even when tourist activities are not the main purpose of their trips, visitors usually look for tourist attractions in the locations where events take place.

An #Agent performs a series of unspecified tasks to plan for an #Event to take place at a #Scheduled_time and #Place.

Two (or more) people (the #Parties, also encodable as #Party_1 and #Party_2) negotiate an agreement. Both sides are construed as making a commitment to assume an #Obligation--the process is understood to be symmetrical or reciprocal. Instead of a specific mention of the #Obligation, a #Topic expression may be used to indicate the domain covered.

An #Agent physically transfers a #Theme to a #Recipient. The #Agent is not under control of the #Theme's motion after the initial input of energy. Compare with Bringing and Sending. In the former, the Carrier is in constant control (even physical contact) with the Theme. In the latter, the Sender plans the motion of the Theme and places it in circumstances such that it travels along the specified path (or to the specified goal), but under the power of a separate individual.

An Individual is assigned a #Station to remain at, usually in order to accomplish a task. The #Station may have an intended use based on its features (e.g., a vendor's booth), or it may be temporarily assigned a use.

An #Experiencer is involved in a bodily injury to a #Body_part. (In some cases, no #Body_part need be indicated.) Often an #Injuring_entity on which the #Experiencer injures themselves is mentioned.

The #Support, a phenomenon or fact, lends support to a claim or proposed course of action, the #Proposition, where the #Domain_of_relevance may also be expressed. Some of the words in this frame (e.g. argue) are communication words used in a non-communicative, epistemic sense.

Words in the frame refer to any #Document that has a legal status or conventional social significance. Some #Documents empower the #Bearer of the #Document to execute the #Right. Others indicate the #Obligation of the #Bearer. Still others show the identity or #Status of the #Bearer.

A #Tourist arrives at the #Destination and, later, to the housing option of her choice. The means of transportation can be various, such as automobiles, planes or ships. The trip can happen with the #Co-participant and involve the carrying of #Luggage.

The #Tourist arrives at the #Destination where s/he will engage in some touristic activity.

The #Tourist arrives at the #Lodge, where s/he will stay for some time.

A #Predicate is said to apply in a particular #Domain. The understanding of the relation between #Domain and #Predicate depends on the nature of the #Predicate. When the #Predicate is a complete proposition, then a #Domain adverbial also functions as a topic restrictor. Sentences with topic restrictors often come in pairs. When the #Predicate is a simple predicate, there is no notion of topic restriction on the sentence level.

There is a certain physical #Distance within which some other entity can participate in an #Event (typically perception or manipulation) with the #Participant. Alternatively, the #Event may be indicated metonymically by a #Instrument . [Note the connection with *Distance, Sufficiency, and Capability. Words in this frame can generally be paraphrased ""close enough to be able to"".]

An #Agent has a influential, controlling position in a #Situation, and is the primary causal factor in the development of the #Situation, leaving other #Competitors unable to take controlling positions. Two perspectives are taken on this frame, one where the #Agent is viewed as controlling primarily the #Situation, and another where the #Agent is viewed as primarily influencing the other #Competitors in the #Situation.

An #Agent, by virtue of strength or forcefulness, controls, rules, or strongly influences some #Patient in some #Situation.

An #Agent acts so as to be the strongest force, or most important causal factor in some #Situation, to the exclusion of other competing actors.

This frame concerns the movement of a #Theme and an #Agent and/or #Carrier. The #Agent, a person or other sentient entity, controls the shared #Path by moving the #Theme during the motion. In other words, the #Agent has overall motion in directing the motion of the #Theme. The #Carrier may be a separate entity, or it may be the #Agent's body. The #Constant_location may be a subregion of the #Agent's body or (a subregion of) a vehicle that the #Agent uses. The FEs include #Path, #Goal, and #Source. #Area is an area that contains the motion when the path is understood as irregular. This frame emphasizes the path of movement as opposed to the FEs Source or Goal as in Filling or Placing.

A speaker marks a #Conceded_state_of_affairs as being or implying a contradiction to the #Main_assertion. Some LUs specify the #Main_assertion, others the #Conceded_state_of_affairs, as referring to the preceding discourse (i.e. DNI), while yet others are conjunctions joining the two.

A #Financial_instrument (a bond or insurance) fulfills a condition at a certain #Time after which the #Issuer of the #Financial_instrument is legally obligated to pay the #Holder a monetary #Value, based on the instrument's original #Principle and the #Interest rate.

The #Institution is an organization which is part of a government, the #Purpose of which is to provide a service or fulfill a role designated by the government. The #Purpose may, but need not, entail direct interaction of the citizenry.

An #Experiencer feels an emotion as evoked as an #Other.

In this frame an #Evaluee is judged by a (usually implicit) #Judge to be of a certain character based on her or his #Behavior towards other human beings; a specific #Affected_party may be overtly mentioned along with the #Degree to which the #Evaluee behaves appropriately towards others. The#Behavior alone may be mentioned with the understanding that these behaviors characterize a property of the unmentioned #Evaluee. The #Evaluee's #Behavior may be in the context of a #Topic.

A mutual social and personal relationship that keeps people involved in each other's lives comprises a #Connection of #Individual_1 to #Individual_2 or between #Individuals.

This frame contains LUs which are like those of the Desirability frame except the Evaluee incorporates the Parameter as ""associated with a percieved place in a social heirarchy"" for all LUs. LUs are not restricted to positive or negative implications.

A #Social_event occurs at which #Attendees are present to conduct a social function or joint activity. The #Social_event is often a party or celebration, in which case it is possible to express someone who is being honored (the #Beneficiary) or its function may be to celebrate an #Occasion at which #Attendees are present. Often, a specific #Attendee, the #Host, provides a venue for people to gather.

This frames describes a social event where there may or may not be a permanent or semi-permanent relationship between participants. Additionally, participants in this frame are expressed in one representative FE, #Attendees. Note the difference between this frame and Social_event_individuals, where participants are grammatically separated.

This frames describes a social event where there may or may not be a permanent or semi-permanent relationship between participants. Additionally, participants in this frame are expressed separately, as #Party_1 and #Party_2. Note the difference between this frame and Social_event_collective, where participants are grouped into one collective grammatical constituent and FE.

A series of #Events are important to humankind and its culture.

In this frame the #Behavior is judged by the speaker (or, in some cases, a separate #Judge) against pre-existing social standards for that type of behavior. An #Individual who is involved in the #Behavior is assigned the same evaluation as the #Behavior. This is an abstract frame that encodes the relationship between such frames as Mental_property, Sociability, Social_interaction_evaluation, Stinginess, and Volubility.

These words describe how outgoing or sociable a #Protagonist is judged to be by a (usually implicit) #Judge, often in a particular context, either with certain people (the #Company), or about a particular situation, topic or event (the #Content). As opposed to the Social_interaction_evaluation frame, this frame talks about how much someone interacts, not how well.

This frame involves a #Creator making a duplicate, the #Copy, of some #Original entity. A #Source, the location of the #Original, and #Goal, the location of the #Copy, may be expressed.

This frame is about the static comparison of an #Profiled_item to a #Standard_item, often with respect to some #Attribute. In this frame, there is an inherent asymmetry between #Profiled_item and #Standard_item in that the two cannot be expressed jointly as a subject. #Degree expressions are also found that indicate how close the items are to each other on the scale evoked by the #Attribute. Furthermore, the particular value of the standard or item on a certain scale may be given by the #Standard_attribute of the #Profiled_attribute respectively.

A #Political_region, often a nation, has an economic system, the#Economy, defined by the level of production and consumption of goods and services. The #Market_type or #Domain may be specified.

An #Experimenter conducts an #Experiment based on a #Hypothesis. This #Experiment contains a #Control_group or #Control_group_member which is compared with a #Treatment_group or #Treated_individual in order to determine the #Result.

Due to chemical, nuclear, or other reactions, an #Explosive explodes, potentially causing damage to the surrounding area. The #Explosive is often, but need not be, a weapon.

An #Entity possesses a #Value for a certain #Attribute which is extreme when compared to the values either of other entities or to values of the same #Entity at other points of time.

An #Entity that has characteristics which change over time is at a point or in a phase of its development in which, compared to other actual or expected stages of development, it possesses extremely high or low powers or intensity. The high or low level of development correlates with the occurrence of a #Marker, a product produced by the #Entity or an event in which it participates, which is indicative of the #Entity's abilities or intensity.

Lexical units in this frame refer to #Electricity, in particular as a form of energy harnessed for particular uses (such as powering machines). The #Source of the #Electricity may also be expressed, or incorporated in the meaning of the LUs.

This scene refers to the phase of the World Cup #Tournament, in which #Team_1, #Team_2, or #Teams dipute only one match in each stage of the phase. The winner goes to the #Next_phase and the loser is eliminated.

In this frame a #Source_emitter discharges its #Emission along a #Path or to a #Goal. The #Sub-source is only present when the actual #Source_emitter is also given or is present in a possessive. In (3) we would tag 'his' as #Source_emitter on a second layer because the inalienable possession on the #Sub-source indicates the #Source_emitter

This frame contains verbs that describe emotional experiences and participate in the locative alternation, as in the following examples: While these words might seem to be like support verbs for emotion nouns such as anger, the same verbs can be used in the absence of such nouns, as in:

The adjectives and nouns in this frame describe an #Experiencer who is feeling or experiencing a particular emotional response to a #Stimulus or about a #Topic. There can also be a #Circumstances under which the response occurs or a #Reason that the #Stimulus evokes the particular response in the #Experiencer.

The words in this frame describe an #Experiencer's emotions with respect to some #Content. Although the #Content may refer to an actual, current state of affairs, quite often it refers to a general situation which causes the emotion. An #Explanation for the emotion may also be expressed, often giving information about the #Content of the emotion. In such a case, #Content is annotated on a second layer: With certain verbs, the #Circumstances can be expressed in a finite clausal or wh- complement which may optionally be preceded by a Null NP Object: Note: This is not how it is currently tagged.

An #Experiencer has a particular emotional #State, which may be described in terms of a specific #Stimulus that provokes it, or a #Topic which categorizes the kind of #Stimulus. Rather than expressing the #Experiencer directly, it may (metonymically) have in its place a particular #Event (with participants who are #Experiencers of the emotion) or an #Expressor (a body-part of gesture which would give an indication of the #Experiencer's state to an external observer).

An #Experiencer, #Expressor, #Event, or #State can be described as characterized by a particular emotion as evoked by a possibility in their future (#Stimulus) or concerning a given #Topic.

An #Experiencer can be described as having an emotion as induced by a #Stimulus.

An #Experiencer, #Expressor, #Event, or #State has an emotion as brought on by an #Stimulus or #Topic.

A #Topic or #Stimulus fails or succeeds at causing an emotion in an #Experiencer, which is conveyed by an #Expressor or manifested in a #State or description of an #Event.

This frame is for words that denote highly schematic entities.

Against the background of a contextually salient non-real world, for instance a hypothetical, imagined, simulated, expected, projected, or dream world, an #Instance of a #Type encountered in a relation or event in the real world is presented as being different from the instance found in the non-real world. Of course, the real-world #Instance of the expected #Type may also be presented as not occurring, as in the last example below.

A speaker marks the #Epistemic_status of a #Proposition expressed in their utterance. The propositional content is evaluated on an epistemic level and placed on a scale of certainty. By marking their epistemic stance, the speaker communicates on what grounds they express information and how committed they are to the #Proposition. In contrast to the lexical-semantic frame Certainty, the person whose certainty is expressed (FE Cognizer in the frame Certainty or Speaker in this frame) is not a core FE that has to be realized; in this frame, it is typically not verbally instantiated. Activation of this pragmatic frame entails co-evocation of the frame Communicative_Context, which provides the contextual/ situational factors relevant for the interaction in the form of frame elements: the Communicators (Utterer and Comprehender), Place and Time.

An #Entity is judged to be sensually pleasing or intellectually interesting to a (generally implicit) #Viewpoint.

A #Speaker uses as a #Label to refer to an #Entity. The #Label is not a conventional name for the #Entity but a description categorizing the #Entity and thereby expressing a judgment.

In the Appeal stage of the criminal process the #Convict or his or her #Representative applies to a higher #Court to reverse the #Decision of the lower court on certain #Grounds.

A #Complainer communicates their negative emotional reaction to some state of affairs in a #Complaint to an #Addressee. As an alternative to the specific #Complaint, the #Topic of the speaker's #Complaint may be specified. Likewise, instead of (or in addition to) the #Complainer, a #Medium may be stated.

An #Experiencer desires that an #Event occur. (Note that commonly a resultant state of the #Event will stand in for the #Event.) In some cases, the #Experiencer is an active participant in the #Event, and in such cases the #Event itself is often not mentioned, but rather some #Focal_participant which is subordinately involved in the #Event. Generally, the use of a word in this frame implies that the specific #Event has not yet happened, but that the #Experiencer believes that they would be happier if it did. Sometimes the #Time_of_event, #Purpose_of_event, or the #Location_of_event are mentioned without the explicit mention of the #Event.

A #Location is characterized by a high amount of (often goal-oriented) #Activity, or metonymically, with #Individuals who are engaged in the activity.

The LUs in this frame refer to biological entities other than human beings and plants, which are labeled by the FE #Animal.

An Entity comes into being, exists for some time, and ceases to be.

An #Agent sacrifices an (often abstract) #Asset in exchange for a #Benefit which is deemed better or more worth having.

This frame contains words that describe a set of individuals which possess some #Commonality, generally a common attribute.

A speaker signals that they consider some #Content to be prior knowledge shared by a group of #Cognizers who are participants of the communication situation in question. The #Content is thus marked to be part of the common ground. The degree of #Familiarity can be further specified by a #Descriptor, typically with regard to temporal or epistemic factors or the size or identity of the group of #Cognizers. Both the Speaker and the Adressee of the current Communicative_Context are implicitly included in the group of #Cognizers. Activation of this pragmatic frame entails co-evocation of the frame Communicative_Context, which provides the contextual/ situational factors relevant for the interaction in the form of frame elements: the Communicators (Utterer and Comprehender), Place and Time.

This scene depicts commercial establishments that offer entertainment to tourists. The establishments are usually classified according to the type of entertainment they offer.

In this frame a #State_of_affairs is prohibited (or allowed) by a #Principle. Raising constructions are common in this frame. Because laws and principles usually focus on what is not allowed, the words of this frame that are synonyms of prohibit.v are considered more basic, and the words that are synonyms of permit.v are marked with the semantic type ""Negative"". In this frame the #Principle which prohibits the #State_of_affairs is not an agent who denies permission to a specific individual or group of individuals, and thus differs from the Authority in the Deny_or_grant_permission frame.

This frame concerns an #Addict's physiological or psychological compulsive dependence on an #Addictant, the substance or behavior to which the #Addict is addicted.

The answer to one open question, the #Outcome, is dictated (partially or completely) by the answer to another open question, the #Determinant, i.e. if the answer to the #Determinant is known, the answer to the #Outcome can be predicted. The #Degree of predictive power and the #Circumstances under which the dependency holds can also be expressed.

This scenario begins with a #Fire burning, transitions as the #Fire goes out, and ends with the #Fire dissipated.

A #Player finishes a #Game, possibly with an outcome of winning or losing. A #Game is an activity that is considered recreational, and is valued for associated pleasure, as well as social interaction, material reward, or status. Not all games can be won or lost. Those that are specifically competitions are defined in the inheriting frame Finish_competition. In some LUs, the #Game is DNI.

A #Competition comes to an end, with a #Competitor tying, winning, or losing against an #Opponent (or opponents) according to their #Score. (In the symmetrical situation of a tie, the #Competitor and #Opponent may be jointly mentioned as #Competitors.) According to the #Score that the #Competitor and #Opponent have achieved, they may receive a #Rank or a #Prize. The #Margin may also be mentioned.

This frame describes an #Agent or an #Entity meeting or not meeting a #Standard. Alternatively, an action or occurrence may be construed as an #Event that meets or fails to meet the #Standard.

The #Authorities hold a #Suspect under suspicion of having committed a crime (#Charges). The #Holding_location and period of detention (#Duration) may also be specified.

In this frame an #Agent continues to possess a #Theme for a #Duration of time.

A person (the #Cognizer) comes to believe something (the #Content), sometimes after a process of reasoning. This change in belief is usually initiated by a person or piece of #Evidence. Occasionally words in this domain are accompanied by phrases expressing #Topic, i.e. that which the mental #Content is about.

An #Agent schedules an #Event to take place at a specified #Scheduled_time and #Place.

A #Law regulates activities or states of affairs within a #Jurisdiction, dictating what #Required states should be the case and what #Forbidden states should not. Often it also indicates negative consequences for individuals that violate it, and these negative consequences are generally enforced by some official authority. They may or may not be created by some official legislative body.

Words in this frame describe the status of an #Action with respect to a #Code of laws or rules. An #Object may also be in violation or compliance of the #Code by virtue of its existence, location or possession.

An #Agent or #Cause places a #Theme under a surface (often the ground) into a #Goal location.

A #Supply of a #Resource is kept safe and available for a future #Use. The #Supply may be under the control of a #Possessor.

An #Agent changes the filler of a #Role by placing a #New filler in the position after the #Old filler ceases to occupy the position. Often this entails the #Agent removing the #Old filler. In most cases the #Role is implicit. This frame is used both for physically moving a #New thing to a particular location formerly occupied by the #Old thing, and for cases in which the change is accomplished by some non-motion means, e.g. Appointing.

A #Deceiver sets up a #Trap in order to cause a #Victim to have an incorrect understanding about a situation. The #Deceiver anticipates that this will lead the #Victim to take a course of action (including doing nothing) which causes the #Victim harm.

A particular #Activity, performed conventionally or habitually by more than one #Practitioner within a #Culture, is described in terms of its method.

A #Fuel, some flammable object or substance, ends up on fire. In this frame, the cause of the fire is not the primary concern, but rather the fact that a fire started. In rare cases, only the #Fire is mentioned and the associated #Fuel is not. This frame does not include phrases like ""a fire broke out"" or ""the conflagration started in the bedroom"" as these are deemed to be compositional (see Process_start and Fire_burning).

A #Record that contains a permanent account of #Data. This #Record may be maintained by a #Recorder for a certain #Entity.

This is a non-perspectivized frame representing the middle stage of the Employment_scenario, in which there is a stable employment relationship between the #Employee and the #Employer.

This is a non-perspectivized frame representing the initial stage of the Employment_scenario: the formation of the employment relationship between the #Employer and the #Employee.

This is a non-perspectivized frame representing the final stage of the Employment_scenario, in which the relationship between the #Employer and the #Employee comes to an end. There are two different ways in which the relation ends, represented in the Firing frame (in which the #Employer is agentive) and the Quitting frame (in which the #Employee is agentive).

An #Employee and #Employer enter into an employment relation, wherein the #Employee remains employed for some #Duration of time, and finally the relationship ends either by the #Employee leaving the job or the #Employer letting go (or firing) the #Employee. To each of these events there are concomitants, such as agreeing to/signing a contract for entering employment, compensation and performance of a service for the employment period itself, and severance for the dissolution of the relationship. There are several other events involved, including preparatory actions on the part of the #Employer (posting the #Position), the prospective #Employee's part (looking for a job), or both (job interviews). In addition, there is the possibility of change in the relationship of #Employer and #Employee during the employment period, such as a change in #Position (e.g. promotion, demotion) and a change in #Compensation (e.g. raise, paycut).

The sequence of events in which the #Employee hires on with an #Employer, holds a #Position, and finally leaves the #Position.

An #Employer employs an #Employee whose #Position entails that the #Employee perform certain #Tasks in exchange for #Compensation.

A #Self_mover begins a journey at a #Source location, in a particular #Directiongenerally setting out with an #Intended_goal in mind.

An #Earner receives #Earnings by providing #Goods to a #Buyer; providing the #Goods also generally entails a cost, which may or may not be included in the consideration. This frame emphasizes the effect on the #Earner and often generalizes across an indefinite number of transactions with various parties. Some of the LUs (e.g. earn.v) primarily refer to the to the #Earnings without reference to cost, others to the amount the #Earnings differ from the cost, emphasizing either a net loss (e.g. loss.n) or net gain (e.g. net.n).

The action of spreading some #Infection to an #Infected_entity, intentionally or otherwise. Pathology indicates that the #Infection_cause can be airborne, carried on the skin/hair, or transmitted via various other forms of contact.

An #Agent begins preventing a #Captive from moving despite a tendency or desire on the part of the #Captive to do so.

The existence of a #State_of_affairs is sufficient reason for taking an #Action . The agent who is justified in taking the suggested #Action is not part of the immediate scene, however.

A #Sleeper goes from wakefulness to an altered state of consciousness where they are largely unaware of their environment. The LUs of this frame are differentiated by how quickly and deeply the state is entered and what causes the change (especially whether it comes about naturally as a result of sleepiness or is brought about by injury).

This frame consists of LUs which denote a #Theme ceasing motion.

An #Agent manipulates a #Fastener to open or close a #Containing_object (e.g. coat, jar). Sometimes an #Enclosed_region or a #Container_portal may be expressed. Since the #Manipulator is syntactically omissible, many verbs in this frame incorporate the #Fastener.

The #Fastener is an artifact created to close a #Container (e.g. coat, jar). Sometimes, the #Container_portal rather than the #Container is expressed.

This Frame deals with #Penal_institutions. They are run by an #Operator and may be intended to hold certain kinds of #Inmates. #Penal_institutions may have a special #Name and their #Location may also be indicated.

A #New filler occupies a #Role or serves a #Function after the #Old filler ceases to occupy the position. In many cases, the #Role or #Function is implicit.

This frame is about #Items in the state of occupying a certain #Rank within a hierarchy.

A #Cognizer has a relatively fixed positive or negative point of view towards an #Issue. A #Side in a debate concerning an #Issue or an #Action of a #Side may stand in for the #Issue. The #Cognizer's #Degree of alignment may also be specified.

The Fire_stopping_scenario begins with a #Fire in process, transitions with the action of an #Agent to end the #Fire, and ends with the #Fire having stopped burning.

In this frame a #Speaker asks an #Addressee for something, or to carry out some action.

One state of affairs, the #Dependent, cannot occur without another state of affairs, the #Requirement, also occurring. This #Requirement is construed to be under the control of some implicit force or actor. In an alternative construal, the #Dependent state of affairs may be presented as depending on the presence of a #Required_entity. Individuals that profit from the occurrence of the #Dependent state (#Dependent_individuals) are backgrounded. The same goes for individuals (#Required_individual) that are required to provide any #Required_entity or to see to the occurrence of the #Dependent state of affairs. The connection between the #Requirement and the #Dependent can be qualified further in terms of the #Degree of strength of the link between the two eventualities, the #Place and #Time where this relationship obtains, the #Explanation for its existence, or a specification of #Condition when it applies.

A #Sound emitted by a #Sound_source, which construed as a single point, moves along a #Path. Rather than the #Sound_source itself, the #Location_of_sound_source may be mentioned. Essentially, this frame denotes the (semi-)fictive motion of the the #Sound. Given the spreading nature of sound vibrations, it is not surprising that there usually is no expression of any particular #Goal.

This frame is concerned with the percepts that vibrations which travel through the air or another medium produce in hearing organs. Sounds are a subtype of sensation. In talking about sounds, speakers often provide information about how the sound was produced. A #Noisy_event may be mentioned which gives rise to the sound. Alternatively, the sound may be attributed to a #Sound_source, which is construed as a point source emitting the sound. A further possible specification of what gives rise to the sound is for speakers to talk about two physical entities coming into contact by motion, resulting in either friction or impact. Although this frame is defined in terms of a phenomenon of objective reality, many instances of the LUs in this frame are metonymic references to purely psychological phenomena due to a strong metaphorical relationship between external and internal reality. Furthermore, many of the LUs in this frame such as chuckle.n or whimper.n require a perceiver's analysis of a sound rather than being purely descriptive.

This frame includes words that name subparts of buildings that can be occupied by people.

This frame contains words which name permanent fixed structures forming an enclosure and providing protection from the elements.

A #Protagonist is sensitive to a #Trigger, which has the potential to cause some kind of reaction in the #Protagonist.

In this frame an #Abuser repeatedly treats the #Victim in a cruel and violent way, including physically harming or forcing the #Victim to engage in sexual activity against their will. The #Victim usually lacks the power to resist or fight back. A #Type of abuse may be indicated. There may also be a #Degree.

During her stay at a #Place, the #Tourist may be the victim of a #Crime.

A (putative) #Crime is committed and comes to the attention of the #Authorities. In response, there is a Criminal_investigation and (often) Arrest and criminal court proceedings. The Investigation, Arrest, and other parts of the Criminal_process are pursued in order to find a #Suspect (who then may enter the Criminal_process to become the Defendant) and determine if this #Suspect matches the #Perpetrator of the #Crime, and also to determine if the #Charges match the #Crime. If the #Suspect is deemed to have committed the #Crime, then they are generally given some punishment commensurate with the #Charges.

A phenomenon, the #Indicator, exists as an indication of another phenomenon, the #Indicated. The relationship is asymmetric: the #Indicated is not necessarily a sign for the existence or presence of an #Indicator. The #Indicated can be a past, present, or future entity or eventuality. The relationship between #Indicator and #Indicated is not one of symbolization or iconicity. Rather the #Indicator is an index of the #Indicated.

A #Factor affects the outcome of an #Undertaking, which can be a goal-oriented activity or the maintenance of a desirable state, the work in a #Field, or something portrayed as affecting an #Interested_party. An #Explanation may be given for the importance of the #Factor. The #Degree of importance may also be specified.

An entity is considered worthy of mention for their ability or influence among some #Type of similar entities. The entity need not be well-known or famous, though if it is, it may be stated by its #Name only. Their worth may be restricted to a #Time or #Place.

In this frame an #Emission emanates from a #Source along a #Path or to a #Goal.

While visiting tourist places, the #Tourist may go dancing, usually in traditional #Establishments at the place visited.

While visiting touristic attractions or places, the #Tourist may go shopping. The #Establishments visited for this purpose can be both traditional stores and markets.

A #Toy is made or modified by a human being or a company to entertain children or make them develop new skills. A #Toy has a certain kind of #Use. Various properties of the #Toy may be specified, such as its #Creator, #Time_of_creation, #Name, #Type, #Origin, #Description and the #Material of which it is composed.

An #Instance of some type is conceived of as having an #Identity, defined as the unique feature that distinguishes each #Instance from all other instances of its type. #Identity persists across time and remains constant for an #Instance despite arbitrary changes in other attributes of the #Instance. Establishing #Identity answers the question ""which"". #Identity is not the same as appearance or name (if the #Instance even has such), although these attributes of the #Instance may be useful in establishing #Identity. #Identity can be established knowing the totality of the history of an #Instance; however, this is impractical and usually proxies like name and appearance are used. For the #Identity of humans, history sufficient to establish #Identity can usually be satisfactorily established by documents associated with the person, often with information like appearance and name, though use of such documents contributes to the problem of multiple identities, only one of which is considered legitimate or ""true"" in a given context. Just as we would consider gun in ""fake gun"" to contain a reference to the normal concept of Weapon, we consider identity in ""multiple identities"" to belong to this frame, even if only one of the identities is legitimate. Multiple identities can also exist when each is primarily associated with a fragment or aspect of the history and attributes of an entity, and the ""true"" identity might be very much debatable; in most such cases, there are different names associated with the different identities, as in the case of stage names or Ellis-Island names, but sometimes, the different ""identities"" go under the same name (e.g., some members of secret societies). While these may be considered different identities, they refer to the same person. This frame is intended to cover cases where an entity is mentioned, but the category it fits is what is actually meant: In this case, it is not individual identity of the physical hunk of metal that is intended to be in question, but rather the category that the hunk of metal fits into; i.e., the specific element or elemental composition of the metal is what is in question. Such sentences should be understood as determining which #Instance of the supercategory is intended. This frame is not intended to cover related, and often more common, uses of the word ""identity"" such as ""sexual identity"", ""national identity"", or ""brand identity"", which do not refer to a unique identity of an #Instance, or even the identity of a supercategory of the #Instance, but rather refer to the specific properties of an #Instance that are considered very important for how the #Instance operates in aggregate. Thus, uses like ""losing your identity"" are not intended to be covered by this frame.

An #Instance of some #Type is conceived of as having a distinct #Identity. Its #Identity persists across time and remains constant for an #Instance despite arbitrary changes in other attributes of the #Instance. Establishing #Identity answers the question ""which"", and is often answered by saying that an #Instance is the same or different from a previously mentioned instance (see Identicality), or by deictic reference (""that one""), etc. #Identity is not the same as appearance or name (if the #Instance even has such), although these attributes of the #Instance may be useful in establishing #Identity. #Identity can be established knowing the totality of the history of an #Instance; however, this is impractical and usually proxies like name and appearance are used. For the #Identity of humans, history sufficient to establish #Identity can usually be satisfactorily established by documents associated with the person, often with information like appearance and name, though use of such documents leads to the problem of multiple identities, only one of which is considered legitimate or ""true"" in a given context.

A #Communicator or #Medium assigns linguistic meaning to an #Unresolved_referent thereby identifying the specific actor or entity which fulfills the answer to this question.

A certain #Idiosyncrasy belongs to an #Entity distinguishing it from other entities. This frame differs from Typicality in that it focuses on a distinguishing #Idiosyncrasy that an #Entity has rather than the mere fact that an #Entity is unusual.

This frame contains verbs and nouns that communicate the act of a #Speaker to address a #Message to some #Addressee using language. Instead of (or in addition to) a #Speaker, a #Medium may also be mentioned. Likewise, a #Topic may be stated instead of a #Message. A number of the words can be used performatively, such as declare and insist.

The #Accused enters a #Plea in answer to the #Charges. In most jurisdictions, the possible pleas are innocent, guilty, or nolo contendere. Accused persons may stand mute, in which case, the court usually enters a plea on their behalf. Compare to: Citing.

#Artists work at various tasks that further the completion of a film, play, television show, or other similar #Production. #Artists never appear on stage or in front of a camera. Some (e.g., a director) may interact with the actors (on-screen participants) of the #Production. Often times a particular #Production is made for distribution by a #Distributor, by a particular #Studio, or in a specific #Medium. The #Artists may be categorized into #Type or work in specific #Medium.

An #Agent or #Cause causes a #Sleeper to transition from the #Sleep_state to wakeful consciousness.

A #Cause event brings about and potentially maintains the burning of #Flammables. Often, an #Agent stands in for the intentional action the brings about the fire, or an Actor stands in for the action that brings about the fire unintentionally.

An #Agent or Cause makes a #Patient sharper or duller. An #Instrument or #Means may be mentioned.

An #Agent causes a #Patient to be wet with a #Liquid. In this frame, the #Liquid can be a liquid or gas. #Patients are porous objects, but not hollow (like containers).

An #Agent causes a #Dryee (either a surface or an entire entity, inside and out) to become dry. This should not include examples like ""drying tears"" or ""drying spills"" as these are in the Removing frame.

An #Agent intentionally seeks to bring about an internal mental or emotional state in the #Experiencer. This frame in closely related to Experiencer_obj.

An #Agent acts to cause a #Experiencer to feel a certain emotion.

An #Agent or #Cause causes a #Process or #State to end.

An #Agent causes a #Theme to move from a #Source, along a #Path, to a #Goal. Different members of the frame emphasize the trajectory to different degrees, and a given instance of the frame will usually leave some of the #Source, #Path and/or #Goal implicit. The completion of motion is not required (unlike the Placing frame, see below), although individual sentences annotated with this frame may emphasize the #Goal. This frame is very broad and contains several different kinds of words that refer to causing motion. Some words in this frame do not emphasize the #Manner/#Means of causing the motion (transfer.v, move.v). For many of the others (cast.v, throw.v, chuck.v, etc.), the #Agent has control of the #Theme only at the #Source of motion, and does not experience overall motion. For others (e.g. drag.v, push.v, shove.v, etc.) the #Agent has control of the #Theme throughout the motion; for these words, the #Theme is resistant to motion due to some friction with the surface along which they move. This frame is used in a very large number of productive metaphors, not all of which can be outlined here. The most salient types include causing an entity, construed as a #Theme, to change state from an initial state (#Source) via an intermediate state (#Path) to a final state (#Goal): A particularly divergent subtype casts changing someone's intentions as changing their location: Another subtype is specifically about causing a change in quantity (the #Theme) through some sequence of values (#Source, #Path, and #Goal): Another type, with many subtypes, involves causing an action or state (construed as a #Theme) to have an effect on another person or location or conceptual domain. In such cases, the#Goal is used for the final affected domain, and #Source for initial affected domain, #Path for an intermediate affected domain, and #Distance for degree of difference between original application of the action and final: All of the foregoing metaphorical uses are annotated in this frame and marked ""Metaphor"", since they seem to be semantically motivated and not lexically idiosyncratic. This frame contrasts with the following frames which talk about an #Agent changing a #Theme's position with respect to a landmark (either #Source or #Goal): In Placing, the figure (#Theme) is profiled as the object, and ends up on the ground (#Goal). The focus is on the final stage of motion, in which the #Theme ends up at the #Goal, and usually stably remains there. In Filling, the ground (#Goal) is profiled as the object, and the figure (#Theme) ends up on the ground (#Goal). In Removing, the figure (#Theme) is profiled, and is removed from the ground (#Source). In Emptying, the ground (#Source) is profiled and the figure (#Theme) is removed from it. Words of this frame also differ from the words of the Bringing frame in that they are more general: either the #Agent has a momentary interaction with the #Theme that causes its motion, unlike the continuous causation of Bringing, or the #Agent continuously acts on the #Theme, but there is no supporting object that helps with the motion like the Carrier of the Bringing frame.

An #Agent or a #Cause causes a #Fluid to move from a #Source to a #Goal along a #Path or within an #Area.

An #Agent works on a #Project so that it reaches a more advanced and desirable state.

An #Agent or #Cause causes a #Process or #State to continue.

An #Agent acts so as to cause some process to begin again after an interruption or suspension.

An #Agent, #Actor, #Entity, or #Medium causes a #Phenomenon to be perceived by a #Perceiver. With an #Actor, #Entity, or #Medium, the #Perceiver is usually unspecified. NB: This may change in the future, but as of now this frame subsumes three closely-related cause/perceiver alternations: a.) perception of a specific #Perceiver caused by an #Agent, b.) perception of some implicit audience caused, possibly unintentionally, by an #Actor, and c.) perception of some implicit audience caused by a #Medium or #Entity. Perhaps this frame is too broad - the different subject FEs seem to all indicate different ways of ""showing.""

An #Agent causes a #Theme to move with respect to a certain #Fixed_location, generally with a certain #Periodicity, without undergoing unbounded translational motion or significant alteration of configuration/shape.

A #Cause, animate or inanimate, causes a process, the #Effect, to begin. .

An #Agent manipulates a #Sound_maker or a #Cause causes the #Sound_maker to emit a sound.

An #Agent or #Cause causes an #Entity to change, either in its category membership or in terms of the value of an #Attribute. In the former case, an #Initial_category and a #Final_category may be expressed, in the latter case an #Initial_value and a #Final_value can be specified.

An #Agent (or inanimate #Cause) affects a #Set so that the number of entities that make up the #Set changes from an #Initial_number to a #Final_number. Alternatively, the situation can be described in terms of an #Initial_state and a #Final_state. In some cases the #Attribute (i.e., number) or #Difference in number may be mentioned.

In this frame an #Agent or #Cause changes the consistency of a #Patient from its #Initial_state to a #Result. This may take place under certain #Circumstances for a #Purpose or #Explanation in a certain #Manner. A #Change_agent can also be used. Note that this frame contrasts with Cause_change_of_phase in that this frame describes causation of a change in a #Patient within a particular phase.

This frame consists of words that indicate that an #Agent or a #Cause affects the position of an #Item on some scale (the #Attribute) to change it from an initial value (#Value_1) to an end value (#Value_2). The direction of the change (#Path) can be encoded as well as the magnitude of the change (#Difference). The rate of change of the value (#Speed) can optionally be indicated as well as a second scale (#Correlated_variable), which the values are correlated with.

An #Agent causes a #Patient to be more strong, often resulting in something that is more secure and safe.

A #Cause or #Agent causes a #Patient to undergo a change of phase. The #Result of the change may be given, along with the #Initial_state and the #Circumstances under which the change can occur. Note that this frame contrasts with Cause_change_of_consistency in that this frame describes causation of a change of a #Patient between different phases (i.e. solid to liquid or frozen to ""unfrozen"").

In this frame, an #Agent changes the temperature of an #Item. A #Temperature_goal can specify the desired temperature. A #Temperature_change can also be indicated. The #Temperature_start indicates the initial temperature.

An #Agent suddenly and often violently separates the #Whole_patient into two or more smaller #Pieces, resulting in the #Whole_patient no longer existing as such. Several lexical items are marked with the semantic type Negative, which indicates that the fragmentation is necessarily judged as injurious to the original #Whole_patient. Compare this frame with Damaging, Render_non-functional, and Removing.

An #Operator maneuvers onto land a #Vehicle which typically does not operate on land, e.g., an airplane or boat.

These words refer to an #Agent joining #Parts to form a #Whole. (The #Parts may also be encoded as #Part_1 and #Part_2.) There is a symmetrical relationship between the components that undergo the process, and afterwards the #Parts are consumed and are no longer distinct entities that are easily discernable or separable in the #Whole.

An #Agent or #Cause affects a #Body_part of an #Experiencer so that the quality of the #Experiencer's perceptual experience of the #Body_part is qualitatively changed.

An #Patient, which is an organic substance, undergoes the natural process of decay due to a #Cause (or #Agent).

An #Agent causes an #Impactor to make sudden, forcible contact with an #Impactee, or manipulates two (or more) #Impactors so that they make mutual forcible contact.

An #Agent or #Cause makes a #New_member part of #Group. The #Group may be represented by an individual #Existing_member if it implies the existence of a set of members.

An #Agent or non-human #Cause causes an #Item to change its physical size. The #Size_change of an #Item may be explicitly indicated or characterized in terms of #Initial_size and/or #Result_size. In the default case, expansion is along all dimensions, but sometimes the #Dimension of expansion is incorporated or made explicit.

The words in this frame describe situations in which an #Agent or a #Cause injures a #Victim. The #Body_part of the #Victim which is most directly affected may also be mentioned in the place of the #Victim. In such cases, the #Victim is often indicated as a genitive modifier of the #Body_part, in which case the #Victim FE is indicated on a second FE layer.

A #Cause causes an #Effect. Alternatively, an #Actor, a participant of a (implicit) #Cause, may stand in for the #Cause. The entity #Affected by the Causation may stand in for the overall #Effect situation or event. Those frames that inherit the Causation frame have as their background the idea that some event is responsible for the occurrence of another event (or state). In the inheriting frame, typically an FE like Agent or Causer is proposed in the place of the #Actor, but in the daughter frames, as in this frame, the #Actor is semantically dependent on the idea of a #Cause (an event or state-of-affairs) that the #Actor is a participant in. Similarly, most inheriting frames profile only the #Affected entity, not the full #Effect situation which is often incorporated into the frame or the particular target. So, for example, paint.v in the Filling frame entails the final situation of something (the #Affected) being covered in paint (the #Effect).

A #Firefighter sets a controlled fire to remove fuel from a currently incompletely controlled fire.

A #Cause brings about an #Effect that would not have occurred otherwise, simultaneously preventing an #Averted_situation, which is what would have occurred without the #Cause. The #Effect and the #Averted_situation are thus mutually exclusive alternatives prior to the #Cause event. In most cases, either the #Effect or the #Averted_situation is clearly most prominent; this is especially true in the case where the #Cause is the action of an Agent, who normally conceives of their action as either bringing about a desirable #Effect or avoiding an undesirable #Averted_situation. In frames that inherit from this one, the #Cause is either an event, or an entity that plans or directly causes the #Effect may metonymically stand in for the #Cause event.

An #Agent avoids an #Undesirable_situation under certain #Circumstances. That situation may be an activity (e.g. going to school), or an entity (perhaps) metonymic for such an activity or situation (e.g. the curb). In this frame, the situation is undesirable from the #Agent's point of view (e.g. evade), and contrasts with scenes in which the situation is specifically undesirable to someone else (e.g. forbear) or from the point of view of an external morality (e.g. abstain).

In this frame an #Informer informs the #Authorities of the illegal or otherwise improper #Behavior of the #Wrongdoer.

This frame contains words for Individuals as viewed in terms of their participation in artistic performances. The #Person is conceived of as independent of other specific individuals with whom they have relationships. They may have a #Descriptor, #Origin, #Persistent_characteristic, or #Ethnicity. A specific #Age may sometimes be specified as well.

A #Performer has a certain #Role in a #Performance and plays their part by following the directions in the #Script for that particular #Role.

The #Performers, together with behind the scenes #Personnel, execute a #Performance according to a #Script and/or #Score. The purpose of the #Performance is to create an experience for an #Audience, who then judge its merits. #Performances may be in many different #Mediums and be of various #Types. This frame is very elaborate in modern society and there are a number of traditions and practices typically (but not necessarily) related to #Performances: The #Performance is preceded by many practice sessions in which the #Performers and other #Personnel attempt to improve the quality and/or fidelity of their individual and collective performances to the Script and/or Score. The #Audience members pay a fee to experience the #Performance. The #Performers (and #Personnel) receive payment for contributing to the #Performance. Often there are other individuals involved in the specifically financial aspects of the #Performance and #Performers. Critics act as part of the #Audience and then write reviews that evaluate the merits of the #Performance, describing the #Performance (and potentially the #Script and #Score and contributions of other #Personnel) to other potential #Audience members. Due to the high quality of previous #Performances, #Performers can become famous, i.e. well known and liked. Those who like them particularly well become fans of the #Performer. (Shared with writers...)

An #Exporter moves #Goods across a border from an #Exporting_area to an #Importing_area.

A #Goal has a #Source from which it has gotten a #Theme. The #Goal may be a sentient recipient who has actively obtained the #Theme but it may also be a non-sentient entity that gets the #Theme as a result of natural or other processes that it does not control. Note that we also take this frame to cover as metaphorical uses those cases where a person has obtained information from another person or a textual source, which they typically intend to disseminate further.

Basic Image Schema: the #Trajector moves (or is conceived as moving) from the #Source along the #Path to the #Goal using the #Means.

An #Agent acts according to a Plan, carrying it out (or taking steps to carry it out). In some cases, the #Agent is a focal participant in the #Plan, although a separate #Focal_participant may also be mentioned. The #Plan may be specified for the #Duration for which it is in effect. Note: the phrase (put) in effect is in the Being_in_effect frame.

Temporary or permanent Styles and Configurations of Hair, as well as its inherent Nature. Note that Attachment and Body Part will generally be incorporated in the lexical meanings. Subregions (e.g. roots, ends) are often not specified, and sometimes incorporated (e.g. in 'bangs')

This frame describes a #Sufferer who experiences the loss of someone through death. The LUs in this frame imply a strong emotional connection between the #Sufferer and the #Deceased.

Subframe of Transfer in which the #Donor begins by possessing a #Theme and finishes by not possessing the #Theme.

A #Lessor who owns some #Goods allows a #Lessee to use the #Goods temporarily in exchange for #Money.

This frame refers to a part of an organization that becomes separate from the main body. The part is usually partially or even wholly autonomous, and may eventually become larger than the body from which it originated.

A #Subset is profiled against the #Group it belongs to. The #Subset may consist of a single member. Frequently, the #Group is actually a generic sample of a full population, and the #Subset is representative of the relative proportion.

An #Excreter excretes #Excreta.

This frame contains transparent nouns (and some adjectives) denoting quantities of a #Mass or of #Individuals. As opposed to aggregate words such as group, set, these #Quantity do not have a status as Wholes on their own. Initially, at least, we have annotated both #Quantity of #Masses and of #Individuals in this frame, though we may split the frame along these lines later on.

This frame involves words that provide a measure for some undelimited (mass) #Entity by referring to an #Event that a prototypical quantity (or duration) of the #Entity stereotypically participates in. The #Entity is not necessarily a physical entity, but may instead be an undelimited type of event (such as a noise, or an activity).

An #Evader moves under its own power to thereby avoid #Capture or contact with a #Pursuer, also generally moving under its own power. This frame characterizes a more specific event than Avoiding in that both the #Evader and the #Pursuer are moving entities. In addition, this frame differs from Escaping by requiring a #Pursuer and being neutral about the prior captivity of the #Evader.

A #Dodger acts to avoid an oncoming moving #Bad_entity. The motion is relative, since the #Dodger may be moving.

A #Lessee gains the use of #Goods owned by a #Lessor by payment to the #Lessor.

The absolute #Value of a quantifiable #Attribute of an item is determined by adding up the values for the #Attribute of the individuals or parts that make up the item. The item is not expressed as a separate constituent but it is presupposed by the concept of #Attribute. Alternatively, the #Numbers form an implicit set whose sum is the #Value associated with the set. In some cases what is reported is just the cardinality of the individuals that make up the item so that in effect the #Value is a count. In other cases the identity of the #Attribute can only be inferred from the #Value. There is no cognizer on the scene in this frame. Instead, the frame focuses on the relationship between the #Attribute or #Numbers and the #Value, which is stable and unchanging regardless of who performs the calculation. .

The #Quantity of a #Collection occurring in a #Place has a particular #Measure. The #Measure of the #Collection is referred to only in terms of how the #Measure diverges from a norm for #Collections of the specified type. #Degree may further refine the relation of the #Measure to the norm.

A #Place is located far off from centers of population, culture, and/or trade.

The words in this frame refer to facial #Expressions and the #Possessors of those #Expressions.

During a court appearance, a #Sentence, generally a punishment, is imposed on the #Convict by a #Court, usually represented by a judge.

A #Suspect in a #Current_jurisdiction is forced by #Authorities (of the #Current_jurisdiction) to go to the #Crime_jurisdiction, i.e. the jurisdiction which requested that the #Suspect be handed over for trial for a crime which he or she is suspected to have committed in the #Crime_jurisdiction. The purpose or reason for the extradition may also be expressed.

A #Theme has access to a #Useful_location or is blocked from it by a #Barrier.

The obtaining of a #Requirement state of affairs or the presence of a #Required_entity is profiled as a prerequisite for the obtaining or occurring of a #Dependent state-of-affairs.

A #Source_symbol in a #Source_representation system is presented to be matched by a #Target_symbol in a #Target_representation in the ability to express a particular #Content. Sentences such as the following are actually to be handled in the Be_translation_equivalent frame, which has the reverse point of view from the current frame. The difference is essentially between whether both speaker and addressee in the context where the word is used are starting with the #Target_symbol in mind. When they are, the symbols are being compared for how they correspond and Be_translation_equivalent can be used. Otherwise, generally where the information conveyed by the predication is what the #Target_symbol is, Have_as_translation_equivalent is used.

#Party_1 and #Party_2 (collectively refered to as #Parties) make a commercial agreement, an #Obligation, which both #Parties are expected to keep or fulfill.

A #Controlling_entity has control of a #Dependent_entity, #Dependent_situation, or #Dependent_variable. This frame is distinct from Control in that the #Controlling_entity is not fully asserted to be currently controlling the #Dependent_entity, #Dependent_situation, or #Dependent_variable, but rather is attentive to it and capable of making the situation correspond to the desired state at any time.

A #Host, at a location strongly associated with him/herself (such as a place of employment or residence), temporarily hosts a #Visitor so that the #Visitor can achieve a goal. The purpose of the visit is often social in nature.

This frame contains words that talk about how Speakers name Entities. In this frame we will ignore uses of words like baptize and christen that don't clearly bring out the name conferral but talk about the meaning of baptism etc. as a sacrament:

An #Entity shares a name with its #Namesake. Note that the shared name is not a frame element as it cannot be directly expressed as an argument of the target lexical units in this frame.

An #Agent displays a #Characteristic of a #Standard in his or her own way of behaving.

The #Agent immobilizes a #Patient optionally, to an #Anchor.

An improvised explosive device is a #Bomb or similar device used in non-conventional warfare. It consists of explosive material connected to a detonator, possibly including other materials meant to damage nearby people and property.

A improvised explosive device, the #Bomb, is rigged to detonate when it receives a signal, typically by a wire that leads to a trigger. The trigger may be operated directly by the #Detonator, in which case the weapon is known as a CWIED (command wire IED). Or, the triggering mechanism may be activated wirelessly, such as by a cell phone. In this case, the weapon is called an RCIED (remote control IED).

An improvised explosive device, the #Bomb, is placed so as to be hidden from view or disguised as something not harmful. It is rigged to detonate when triggered by actions of an intended Victim. Possible triggering actions include stepping on a pressure-sensitive plate, activating a trip-wire, or moving an object which activates a spring-loaded device.

The #Invader enters a [Land|Land] in an aggressive attempt to cripple or dominate its people and its government.

An #Invader enters a land in an attempt to dominate the #Attacked and they either fail or succeed.

A #Condition of a physical, sensory, mental and/or intellectual nature that, in interaction with various barriers, can obstruct an #Individual's full and effective participation in society on equal terms with other people.

This scenario describes a series of #Events, associated with a single #Participant, i.e., the history of the #Participant. The #Events do not necessarily form a coherent whole (e.g., are not necessarily causally related), but merely occupy a period of time. In many cases the history is limited to what are considered the important or significant events. Words in this frame can also denote the time period over which the sequence of #Events took place. Note: uses of words in this frame to describe a record of the series of events are not in this frame (e.g., we compiled a history of Rome).

This frame describes the moves performed by an #Athlete in regards to the move itself or the technique used.

It designates an infraction in which a #Infractor violates a sport rule that does not involve excessive force against the opponent at a given #Time of the game and #Place of the sports venue.

This frame concerns permanent organizations (the #Institutions) with a public character, meaning that they are intended to affect the lives of the public at large in a particular #Domain. In some cases, most or all members of the public have a direct relationship with the #Institution, but in many cases, the effect on the populace is indirect.

A #Patient is committed to the care of a medical #Facility by a proper #Authority. Regardless of whether the #Patient agrees or does not agree with their placement in the #Facility, the #Authority judges that it is in the best interest of the #Patient or his environment that the #Patient receive treatment in the #Facility.

This frame describes the moves performed by an #Athlete_1 in their interaction with an #Athlete_2 or other #Athletes.

A #Cognizer knows or comes to know some piece of #Information about a #Topic. In this frame, many LUs encode a specific #Means_of_gathering and/or #Source, but these may also be expressed separately.

A group of entities exist (as an infrastructure) such that a particular type of #Activity is either enabled or facilitated. The entities may or may not have been organized specifically for the #Activity. The infrastructure is constituted by #Resources that can be made use of by #Users, and the infrastructure may be specified for its #Place or #Possessor.

The universe is considered through a teleological perspective and natural phenomena are seen to exist for the purpose of fulfilling some ultimate aim. A natural phenomenon is an #Apparatus and an ultimate aim is a #Goal.

A former #Member of a #Group ceases to be a member as a result of the action of an #Authority within the #Group. (In directly democratic #Groups, the #Authority may consist of the #Group itself as a voting whole.)

This frame contains adjectives and nouns that describe the truth or sincerity of communication. These words, analogously to behaver-evaluating words, can apply either to #Speakers or to the #Messages they produce. They can occur with about-PPs expressing #Topic.

A #Traveller leaves from or dismounts a #Vehicle.

An #Agent has committed a #Wrong in the past and is making #Amends for it. The #Degree to which the #Amends are adequate may also be expressed.

This frame contains perception words whose Perceivers have perceptual experiences that they do not necessarily intend to. For this reason we call the Perceiver role #Perceiver_passive. Comparing the Perception_experience frame to the Perception_active frame, we note that for some modalities there are different lexical items in each frame. For instance, whereas Perception_experience has see, Perception_active has look at. For other sense modalities, we find the same lexical items in both frames. To illustrate, consider the verb smell where I smell something rotten exemplifies its Perception_experience use and Smell this to see if it's fresh exemplifies its Perception_active sense. This frame also includes words which are not specific to any sense modality, including detect, perceive, perception, sense.

An #Agent causes a #Firearm to discharge which induces the rapid motion of the #Projectile. Note that usages with the #Firearm as object are out of frame, belonging to Use_firearm.

This frame deals with testing or examination of someone's #Knowledge or skill in a particular area. An #Examiner conducts an #Examination to an #Examinee to determine the #Examinee's #Knowledge and/or determine their #Qualification for some privilege; this proceeds either by the #Examinee demonstrating a skill or by writing responses to questions.

A #Cognizer examines a #Ground closely, alert to the presence of a #Phenomenon.

A #Deliverer hands off a #Theme to a #Recipient or (more indirectly) a #Goal location, which is accessible to the #Recipient.

In order to facilitate the purchase of #Goods which start off in a location distant from a #Purchaser, a #Deliverer transports and hands off the #Goods to a #Purchaser or (more indirectly) a #Goal location which is accessible to the #Purchaser.

A #State_of_affairs turns out to be true in someone's knowledge of the world. This may be recognized with evidence or in certain circumstances. The cognizer whose beliefs are affected is not expressed.

A particular piece of #Information is evaluated for its accuracy. The #Degree of correctness may also be expressed. The #Source of information may also metonymically stand in for the #Information.

An #Evaluator participates in an #Experience (or metonymically, a salient #Entity of the #Experience), often for the first time, in order to form an opinion about its quality. The aspect of quality that is being judged is often implicit but may be expressed as the #Purpose of the #Evaluator's participation.

An #Agent or #Entity becomes sufficient enough to meet a #Standard. Alternatively, an action or occurrence can be thought of as #Event that fulfills a #Standard. In this frame, the #Agent, #Entity, or #Event can be conceptualized as being on a scale where a change of value or circumstances brings it in line with the position of the #Standard on the scale.

An #Entity stands out perceptually in comparison to other members of its type.

A #Current_instance of a certain #Type is under discussion. This instance is evaluated as being the same instance or a different instance from a #Previous_instance encountered in a #Previous_context.

Two #Events happen at the same time. This may either be construed symmetrically as a relation holding between the #Events, or asymmetrically as holding between a #Landmark_event whose known occurrence is used to describe when a #Profiled_event took place.

A recordable sequence of events is associated with a given #Topic.

This frame describes how #Events are related to each other and #Place and #Time.

In the course of history, an #Event or #Entity is taken to have importance or significance.

A #Researcher (an individual a group or institution) attempts to answer a #Question by means of consulting literature, observation, or conducting experiments in a particular #Field pertinent to the #Question. The #Question may be underspecified in the form of a #Topic.

Through use, a #Resource is diminished in quality or quantity (up to complete attrition) such that it becomes less capable of sustaining future use.

It describes buildings and food services offered to the #Tourist.

This frame is for objects, physical or otherwise, which are used to grant access to some location or function.

Literary_musical_and_cinematic_genre

A #Sanction is characterized as the punishment or penalty applied to an athlete or team, the #Punished_athlete, or in favor of the opponent, the #Beneficiary_athlete. The #Sanction is given due to the violation of a rule in a #Sport. It is generally applied by the #Referee, but it can also come from a federation or committee decision.

Words in this frame name the different parts of the calendric cycle, both man-made and natural. The #Unit (e.g. Tuesday) specifies some time period as part of a specific larger temporal #Whole (Tuesday of next week), or may be resolved to an exact time span by a #Relative_time (next Tuesday). Very frequently, the #Whole or #Relative_time are left out (i.e., DNI), and often should be interpreted as a time period overlapping with the communication, but more generally must be understood from context. So, for example, in the first sentence below, we can imagine that the #Whole refers to a year (e.g., 1983) that was already mentioned or established in context. In the second example below, the most likely interpretation is the nearest April, whether in this year or the next, and this interpretation is best indicated by indicating the #Relative_time is DNI. Most members of this frame can be used with iterative events, either with a plural #Unit (on Tuesdays), or marked with every (every April). In this use, when the #Whole is omitted, the #Whole should be marked INI. Words of this frame often occur in a non-lexical construction that uses some Calendric_unit expressions to establish when an event occurred. To capture this information, we use the extra-thematic FEs #Landmark_period and #Trajector_event (see Temporal_collocation) on the second layer, as in the following: We do not use these FEs for cases where the temporal relationship is introduced by an overt word of the Temporal_collocation frame (like on, in, at, before, etc.). Most lexical units of this frame occur in this construction, with or without requiring a #Relative_time, while some idiosyncratically do not, so information on the use with the extra-thematic FE #Trajector_event is lexically specific. There are a number of non-lexical constructions that evoke this frame, including date constructions (the third, May 5), decade constructions (the oughts), year constructions (1975, 24 BCE, 10 AH, year 19, etc.), and time-of-day constructions. Although not annotated in this frame, examples such as the following show that the FEs #Unit and #Whole are quite appropriate: As described above for the lexical targets that evoke this frame, some non-lexical versions of the frame may also occur in a non-lexical Temporal_collocation construction: Words in this frame figure into a variety of temporal schemas, realized as constructions, primarily cases in which the Calendric_unit serves as a Landmark_period in the Temporal_collocation frame. There are families of constructions in which these words occur, including ones in which weekday names combine with day part names using particular prepositions (e.g. on Wednesday morning, cf. on Wednesday, but in the morning) and ones in which calendric terms fill the slots in multi-word expressions such as N-after-N (e.g. day after day), N-by-N (e.g. week by week), N-to-N (e.g. month to month), etc. More can be found on these in Fillmore (2002). Note, also, the connection between this frame and Frequency, specifically that many iterative adjectives and adverbs are based on calendric terms (e.g. daily, weekly, monthly, etc.).

An #Entity has the ability to contain a #Theme.

This frame concerns #Stock, a purchasable and sellable asset representing a #Shareholder's share in a company (the #Issuer). #Stock entitles the #Shareholder to profits of the #Issuer company, as determined by the governing board of the #Issuer company. LUs in this frame can denote the type of capital stock investment into a business (common or preferred) or the investment itself. Common stock is also known as ordinary stock or voting stock.

This frame presents a situation where there is a certain #Number of instances of an #Entity or a certain #Number that quantifies a #Unit. Numbers are used to count any kind of #Entity that has distinct individuals, or alternatively, to count #Units whose own function is to quantify some property, with the #Number associated with each word of this frame differentiating groups, individuals, parts of individual #Entitys of different sizes, or to differentiate the quantity of the #Units. A countable #Entity prototypically occupies its own space separately from other instances of the #Entity, and each instance of the #Entity has specific kinds of parts or substance or characteristics as specified by the kind of #Entity it is described as. #Units (e.g., hours, inches, dozens) have the function of quantifying some property and as a result, naturally occur with a #Number to say how the current property compares to the standard quantification of the #Unit. Less prototypical numbers, which occur much more frequently with #Units rather than #Entitys, describe situations with less than a whole #Unitor #Entity (half.n), or the lack of a #Unit or #Entity (zero.num). There is also a #Precision associated with the #Number. In most cases, there is a certain amount of imprecision in the #Number that is assumed, especially for so-called ""round"" numbers like twenty.num or hundred.num, and for the class of approximate numbers, like couple.n; for other numbers, e.g. two.num, the expected precision is very high. Separately from this inherent possibility of precision or imprecision, numbers may be modified by an explicit specification of their #Precision, with phrases like ""about"", etc. This frame includes extrathematic FEs for a set of non-lexical constructions that put together quantifying expressions. Firstly, a #Number may itself be quantified by having a certain #Multiplier, e.g. ""three hundred"". Secondly, a sequence of numerical expressions may be strung together, with or without ""and"", to produce a #Composite_number representing a #Number that is the sum of the constituent numbers and that collectively modifies the #Entity or #Unit. As can be seen in the first of the next two examples, when the target is a number in front of another number in the function of a #Multiplier, we consider the number it is modifying to be a #Unit: The relationship between numbers, as lexical units in this frame, and the broader category of numbers is a complex one. In particular, there is a semiotic system that arranges the tiny set of numeral symbols (0, 1, 2 ... 9), with some additional symbols (commas, decimal points, fraction lines, scientific notation of exponents) to generate a standard representation for numbers that, while not universal, is at least language independent. Our description of numbers is focused on the English system of numbers, as would occur in the spoken language or in pronunciations (actually decodings) of written numerals in English. Since numerals are well-understood by virtually all speakers of most languages, and are well-processed by computers, we do not view the description of these structures in FrameNet as necessary. As a convenience, we include numerals as wordforms when they coincide with a basic number word of English (e.g., ""3"" is a wordform of three.num). Of more interest for the FrameNet Project is the large number of idiosyncrasies in the constructions that use numbers, very few of which will be well-exemplified in our annotation. These include indications of range (from ... to), approximation (in the neighborhood of), and descriptions of group properties (""A whopping [three|Target] singers showed up"") Technical note: The frame as currently devised does not distinguish between ""six apples"" and ""six of the apples"". It is clear that in the first case, we are talking about six entities that fit whatever properties apples have. In the second case, however, there is a specific set of apples that was already under discussion, and the six apples are members of this set. There is a way of understanding this second case in terms of the first, namely, that ""six of the apples"" is interpreted as six entities with the property of being members of the given set of apples. Since understanding the second case involves an additional notion of set membership, this could be indicated with a different FE than any we currently have in this frame, perhaps *Set, which is in an exclusion relation with Entity. However, the major semantic distinction between these two types of #Entity is whether there is a definite set, and this distinction is independently indicated by the definite article in examples like ""six of the apples"".

The words in this frame involve an #Undesirable_event which affects the #Patient negatively. No agent need be involved.

This frame covers the large scenario for characterizing disasters, including the occurrence of particular types of disasters and the range of responses to disasters.

A #Cognizer construes an #Item as belonging to a certain #Category. In this process, the #Cognizer may either passively perceive the #Item and note that it fits the #Criteria for a #Category, or, alternatively, actively examine the #Item for certain #Criteria that define a #Category (or set of #Categorys). Most members of the frame can also describe a resulting cognitive state of the #Cognizer with respect to the #Item and #Category which no longer requires the current perception or consideration of the #Item. A few LUs (e.g. peg.v, pigeonhole.v) do not readily allow stative interpretation, and a few LUs (e.g. deem.v, regard.v) only allow stative interpretation.

The words in this frame describe situations in which a #Perpetrator carries off and holds the #Victim against his or her will by force.

A #Gambler commits an #Asset to a prediction that an #Uncertain_situation will have a particular #Outcome (or class of outcomes). He or she loses the #Asset if the prediction ends up being incorrect, and gains it back plus additional winnings if the prediction ends up correct.

A concept, #Concept_1, is related causally or collocationally to another concept, #Concept_2 by means of some evidence. They may be related only under certain #Circumstances or from a certain #Point_of_view. The two concepts may be expressed collectively as associated #Concepts. Any cognizer is deprofiled.

A person (#Speaker) expresses a #Message or mental content, broadly understood, in a particular #Manner. The content may be emotional, as in intellectual, as in or linguistic, as in

Cosmetics

A #Cognizer faces a choice on some #Issue. They have several #Options available but keep changing their mind between #Option_1 and #Option_2. The #Cognizer may in fact act on their choice at some point but they need not; the #Options can simply be considered for some time with one being favored for a while and then the other.

This frame contains nouns denoting [Quantities|Quantity] of a specified #Entity and their numerical [Values|Value]. Note that the nouns in this frame DO NOT convey a gradable amount on thier own.

A #Profiled_region is specified as entirely or largely coinciding with that of a #Ground.

A group of #Colonists from a #Homeland migrate to and proceed to settle in a #New_area. The #New_area then becomes their permanent home. The #New_area and #Homeland are in some way construed as being part of the same organization or system. In the case of (people from) nation-states colonizing other areas, the colony and nation-state are considered a single political entity. In the extended sense of living things in general colonizing or settling a new area, the original #Homeland must still inhabited by some of the same group. In this sense Colonization is distinct from migration or exodus. This frame also includes metaphorical uses involving animals or plants, or abstract domains such as ideas.

This frame describes a particular compounding construction (a pattern of coinage) by which more complex words can be created by joining an #Honored_entity to a #Dedicated_type to describe a particular #Dedicated_entity which has been officially named for the #Honored_entity. The #Dedicated_type and #Honored_entity FEs each form part of the Lexical Units (annotated on the second FE layer), and the #Dedicated_entity is the denotation of the whole. Since each of the FEs is a part of the Lexical Unit, there is no assignment of Grammatical Function or Phrase Type. The #Dedicated_type should (in principle) also be annotated as a LU in a separate frame. Targets are added opportunistically to this frame in the course of annotating other frames. For example, the Day of [Armistice Day|Target] should also be annotated in the Calendric_unit frame.

#Item_1 and #Item_2 are compatible with each other if they can exist or function together in some context without problems, conflict, or other undesirable situation. The set of #Item_1 and #Item_2 may be expressed jointly as #Items. The #Degree to which the Items are compatible may also be indicated, as may be a #Parameter along whose lines the #Items are compatible.

This frame contains the contextual factors relevant to the communicative interaction, in particular the #Communicators (#Utterer, #Comprehender), as well as the #Place and #Time. If a pragmatic frame is evoked, this will imply the co-evocation of this non-lexical frame Communicative_Context. Following Sanders et al. (2009), several mental spaces are activated in a communicative interaction: Content, Epistemic, Speech Act and Metalinguistic spaces, as well as a Base Space of the #Utterer's reality. This frame builds on this Basic Communicative Space Network (BCSN), providing as frame elements aspects of the Speech Act Space in particular.

A #Communicator conveys a #Message to an #Addressee; the #Topic and #Medium of the communication also may be expressed. This frame includes no specification of the method of communication (speech, writing, gesture, etc.). This frame and the frames that inherit the general Communication frame can add elaboration to the #Medium in a variety of ways (in French, on the radio program, in a letter) or to the #Manner of communication (babble, rant, shout, whisper). There are also frames related to Communication that either do not inherit all of the FEs of this frame or do not inherit them in a straightforward manner (such as Conversation, in which #Communicator and #Addressee alternate roles, and are often expressed by a single, plural NP). NB: For many words in this domain (those which do not inherently ascribe cognitive/social processes to a #Communicator, position a statement within a conversation, or specify #Medium in detail), there is a metaphorical usage which maps Communication onto an alternate POV of Becoming_aware, with corresponding maps for frames related to Communication. This metaphor is most felicitous with #Means or #Medium subjects, which are mapped onto the Evidence FE of Becoming_aware. In many cases this metaphor maps Communication onto the Evidence frame, but not always. Some words from the Communication domain are listed in the Evidence frame since they are deemed to be lexicalized.

A #Speaker produces a notable or unusual noise and thus communicates a #Message to an #Addressee. This frame contains words for types of noise which can be used to characterize verbal communication. It inherits from Communication (possibly more specifically Communication_manner) and Uses the Make_noise frame (which simply characterizes basic sounds of whatever source, including those made by animals and inanimate objects).

The words in this frame describe #Manners of verbal communication. All of them can occur with quoted expressions.

This frame deals with a #Speaker communicating a reply or response, a #Message, to some prior communication or action, the #Trigger.

This frame concerns #Communicators communicating with each other with the aid of a #Means of communication such as a telephone.

LUs in this frame describe a stative relationship between two numbers,#Term1 and #Term2 or, collectively, #Terms, via a commutative arithmetic operation. The numbers are specifically expressed, along with the Result of the operation.

LUs in this frame describe a commutative operation of arithmetic, e.g. addition and multiplication, involving two numbers, labeled #Term1 and #Term2 or, collectively, #Terms. When referencing the process, the numbers can be vague and are often omitted through indefinite null instantiation. There may also be a #Calculator who applies the operation.

A #Convoy consists of several #Vehicles which move together to transport #Cargo from a Source to a Goal.

The #Connector is an artifact created to affix a #Connected_item or to bind onto a #Fixed_location and is primarily so used. A more specific #Use may also be specified. Certain words in this frame (e.g. bond, chain in the phrase in chains) indicate specifically that the #Connector is being used to immobilize something. #Connectors have a wide variety of physical forms: long, thin, and flexible for tying (ropes, bonds, withies); solid, with a shape corresponding to holes in the entities to be connected (bolts, nails, pegs); and liquid (glues, adhesives, pastes).

LUs in this frame denote that the #Instance of a #Type is contextually notable. This frame typically requires dual FE layer annotation; see below.

A #Profiled_region occupies the space in contact with the #Ground.

A #Communicator (whose Location may be indicated) directs a #Communication to an #Addressee at a particular #Address. Note that no actual successful communicative act is implied, only the successful completion of acts which would establish the communication. (In other words, Mari can e-mail Jon without Jon ever reading it.) NB: The #Address or #Location_of_protagonist may be a virtual address, such as an e-mail or telephone number.

An #Assailant physically attacks a #Victim (which is usually but not always sentient), causing or intending to cause the #Victim physical damage. The attack is a response to an earlier attack by the #Victim on the current #Assailant (or by actors associated with the #Assailant or #Victim). A #Weapon used by the #Assailant may also be mentioned, in addition to the usual #Place, #Time, #Purpose, #Explanation, etc. Sometimes a location is used metonymically to stand for the #Assailant or the #Victim, and in such cases the #Place FE will be annotated on a second FE layer.

A speaker indicates a contrastive relation between two equally weighted information units, the #State_of_affairs and the #Contrasted_state_of_affairs, guiding the addressee in their understanding of the utterance. The two states of affairs are conceptualized as different or contrary to one another, or the #Contrasted_state_of_affairs denies an expectation derived from the #State_of_affairs presented before. The units of information are coordinated, there is no subordination. Some cases can be interpreted as concession rather than contrast. If the relation between the two states of affairs is clearly marked as concessive, by lexical and/or grammatical means, it is the frame Concessive that is evoked. Activation of this pragmatic frame entails co-evocation of the frame Communicative_Context, which provides the contextual/ situational factors relevant for the interaction in the form of frame elements: the Communicators (Utterer and Comprehender), Place and Time.

A #Controlling_entity, #Controlling_situation, or #Controlling_variable control a #Dependent_entity, #Dependent_situation, or #Dependent_variable. The latter, dependent, element or some aspect of it is not just influenced, but determined by the controlling element.

This frame contains items which, when manipulated, alter the function of some device, internal or external.

An #Entity aids in the successful completion of a #Purpose. Its #Degree of utility may also be expressed. Some of the lexical units in this frame (e.g. great, good) can only express permanent, generic states of the #Entity.

An #Agent causes a #Firearm to discharge, usually directing the projectile from the barrel of the #Firearm (the #Source), along a #Path, and to a #Goal.

A #Driver transports themselves and possibly other passengers (the #Theme) to another location.

An #Agent manipulates an #Instrument in order to achieve a #Purpose.

An #Agent has access to a finite amount of some #Resource and uses it in some way to complete a #Purpose. The specific #Portion of the #Resource may be stated, and after the #Resource is spent, it is no longer available to the #Agent. The #Means by which the #Resource is used may be mentioned, but it is often implied by the stated Purpose or understood based on what the #Resource is.

In this frame the #Patient, an inorganic item, undergoes a chemical process which renders it less useful, desirable or stable.

In this frame, the #Patient, an inorganic item, undergoes a chemical process caused by another entity, which renders it less useful, desirable or stable. The process may or may not be under the control of an #Agent.

Corruption

This frame contains words that necessarily indicate the motion of two distinct objects. The #Theme is typically animate and is expressed the same way a Self-mover is expressed in the Self-motion frame--i.e. as the subject of a target verb. The #Cotheme may or may not be animate and is typically expressed as a direct object or an oblique. #Source, #Path, #Goal, and the other frame elements common to motion words also regularly occur with the words in this frame.

These are words describing situations in which a #Perpetrator takes #Goods from a #Victim or a #Source. The #Means by which this is accomplished may also be expressed.

Short selling, a common financial market concept, involves an #Intermediary selling #Assets to the #Market, having borrowed these #Assets from a (generally implicit) #Lender. The #Intermediary is obligated to rebuy the #Assets later, so that they may be returned to the #Lender. The #Intermediary's intent is to repurchase the #Assets from the #Market at a lower price than when he sold them, and so return them to the #Lender for a profit. Because this strategy only makes sense when the #Intermediary believes that the value of the #Assets is lower than the valuation assigned by other members of the market, words of this frame may be used metaphorically to refer to an Agent (usually wrongly) believing some Entity is worth less than other people do.

A #Perceiver briefly perceives a #Phenomenon, often resulting in partial or uncertain perception. A #Body_part that enables the perception may be mentioned, either metonymically replacing the #Perceiver or in addition to the #Perceiver.

Some entity (#Theme) starts out in one place (#Source) and ends up in some other place (#Goal), having covered some space between the two (#Path). Alternatively, the #Area or #Directionin which the #Theme moves or the #Distance of the movement may be mentioned. The frames that inherit the general Motion frame add some elaboration to this simple idea. Inheriting frames can add Goal-profiling (arrive, reach), Source-profiling (leave, depart), or Path-profiling (traverse, cross), or aspects of the manner of motion (run, jog) or assumptions about the shape-properties, etc., of any of the places involved (insert, extract). A particularly complex area in the vocabulary of Motion is the depiction of the relation of Vehicles to the Theme. In some cases, no separate Theme is expressed: In this case, the sentence is annotated in Self_motion. When the Vehicle is profiled as being operated by a Driver, the sentence is annotated in the Operate_vehicle frame: This is very similar to the Bringing frame which covers cases where the Vehicle is necessarily involved, but the movement of the #Theme (something carried by the Vehicle) is profiled: Some of the same vocabulary is also used to describe the situation where Passengers Ride_vehicle or Operate_vehicle (each of these a perspective on Use_vehicle): Finally, there are cases where, despite the use of similar vocabulary, there is no self-propelled Vehicle involved at all: This last type is annotated in the simple Motion frame.

An #Emitter emits a #Beam of light from a #Source, along a #Path, and/or towards a #Goal. Essentially, this frame denotes the (semi-)fictive motion of the the #Beam.

This frame binds together the various parts of movement, from setting out, to traveling, to arriving.

In this frame a #Fluid moves from a #Source to a #Goal along a #Path or within an #Area.

A #Theme moves with respect to a #Fixed_location, generally with a certain #Periodicity, without undergoing unbounded translational motion or significant alteration of configuration/shape.

In this frame a #Theme moves in a certain #Direction which is often determined by gravity or other natural, physical forces. The #Theme is not necessarily a self-mover.

A #Self_mover begins the motion away from a relatively deprofiled #Source location. The focus is on the motion rather than on the location that is being departed. The label #Self_mover here also includes vehicles that are steered by an intentional agent.

In this frame a #Theme is moved by a #Vehicle which is not directly under their power. The #Source, #Path, #Goal, or #Area of the motion may be indicated. The #Distance traveled or the #Speed of motion may also be indicated. A #Route or #Roadmay be present and the #Manner in which the #Theme moves may be given. There is shared vocabulary between this frame and Carrying and Operate_vehicle. It is differentiated from Operate_vehicle in that the vehicle is not under the subject's control. It is differentiated from Carrying because the vehicle is not being used to transport goods.

An #Accused individual is deemed by a Judge to be involved (or not) in a #Misdeed. The Judge is either not mentioned, or is introduced by some other frame in the discourse. Note that this frame is not limited to technical, legal uses. The use of guilty in this frame is also to be distinguished from that in the Contrition frame by not referring to an emotional state. Innocent has several other meanings that are distinct from the one it has in this frame. It can mean 'ignorant of'; 'innocuous'; 'pure and unsullied by experience'.

This frame describes the process that involves the inquiry and determination by an authority, the #Investigator, of the circumstances surrounding an #Incident perpetrated by a #Suspect.

A #Suspect is arrested by #Authorities on #Charges related to an #Offense, then is arraigned as a #Defendant. If at any time the #Defendant pleads guilty, then the #Defendant is sentenced, otherwise the #Defendant first goes to trial. During trial, the #Defense and #Prosecution present arguments on behalf of and against the #Defendant, respectively. If the #Jury comes up with a guilty verdict at the end of the trial, the #Defendant is sentenced. In the end, the #Defendant is either released or is given a Sentence by a #Judge at the sentencing. The Core roles in this frame and its subframes include #Authorities, #Charges, #Court, #Defendant, #Defense, #Judge, #Jury, #Offense, #Prosecution, and #Suspect. Non-Core roles include #Place, #Time, #Victim, and #Witness.

This frame describes food and meal preparation. A #Cook creates a #Produced_food from (raw) #Ingredients. The #Heating_instrument and/or the #Container may also be specified.

An #Entity is evaluated for whether or not it belongs to a particular #Reference_category in a context where its category membership is doubtful. The criterion or criteria that are relevant to evaluating #Reference_category membership depend on the individual lexical units and/or on the context. Typically, either the material composition of the #Entity, its method of creation, or the identity (and proper authority) of its creators are critical for proper category membership. Note that #Entity also covers behaviors.

This frame deals with a #Healer treating and curing an #Affliction (the injuries, disease, or pain) of the #Patient, sometimes also mentioning the use of a particular #Treatment or #Medication. This frame differs from Medical_intervention in that this frame deals only with cases in which the #Patient is cured of the #Affliction, not just treated for the #Affliction.

A specified #Designer or a #Brand creates and distributes a #Collection of related #Products. The individual #Products may all be part of a set or may just be related by season or other arbitrary reason.

Person deixis refers to an extratextual target (specifically a person), unlike anaphora, in which the target is found intratextually (Talmy, 2013). Each person deictic term refers to a participant in the communicative scene, and for the recognition of its target to occur, knowledge of the communicative context is necessary.

The words in this frame have to do with people and the personal #Relationships they are or can be a part of. Some of the words denote people engaged in a particular kind of #Relationship, others denote the #Relationship, yet others the events bringing about or ending the #Relationships. Many of the words presuppose an understanding of states and events that must have occurred before another event takes place or before a person can be classified in a certain way.

A #Person is in a state of prosperity and/or renown after some period of development or hardship in an #Endeavor. LUs in this frame invoke a developmental path that is related to the goal one should have in a #Person, such that the #Person, after traversing a path of development (including hardship, effort, and time), completes or does not complete these goals. Note that this distinguishes an event's success in this frame from Successful_action.

The words in this frame refer to attributes of people that can be treated as personality traits. They can be adjectives or abstract nouns, always related to traits inherent to the #Person.

The #Authorities put a #Prisoner in #Prison as punishment for an #Offense.

A [Hunter|Hunter] tries to gain [Food|Food] by way of outsmarting or tracking a living. The [Hunter|Hunter] hopes the attempt will result in the catching and killing of the living entity that is intended for human consumption. The act of seeking [Food|Food] inherently involves the assistance of some tool, which can be an extension of the [Hunter|Hunter]'s body or an artifact fashioned or exploited for the use of food seeking, catching, and/or killing.

A [Hunter|Hunter] succeeds or fails at capturing his sought-out or tracked [Food|Food].

A #Figure (fictively or literally) occupies a position within a #Profiled_region related to a #Ground.

A #Figure is located with respect to a #Ground, whose location is (generally) better known. This is accomplished by identifying the #Figure as within a #Profiled_region--a shape defined by an Image Schema, located at, on, or in the #Ground, and scaled by context. Alternatively, a group of #Figures is described within a symmetrical #Profiled_region located simultaneously with respect to each of the #Figures.

The word(s) in this frame detail a particular moment in time.These often occur with demonstratives such as this and that.

A #Perceiver determines the #Location of a #Sought_entity within a #Ground.

A #Figure is located relative to a #Ground location. This frame is used for LUs that do not belong in daughter frames, either because they are too general to have any particular image schema associated with them (e.g., here.adv), or because we do not (yet) have a specific frame with the correct image schema (e.g., inland.a). Prepositions, adverbs, and spatial adjectives that act as targets in this frame and its descendants cooccur with a number of constructions that may supply extra information and should be annotated as extrathematic frame elements. The location of the #Figure may be further specified by its #Distance from the #Ground along a vector implied by the targets image schema, or the #Direction in which the #Figure lies from a reference location (generally, the deictic center). In cases where both seem to cooccur, the #Distance actually modifies the #Direction, as seen in the following example: There is no sense in which the #Distance is measured using the schema for at.prep ('350 feet at the bottom of the canyon' doesn't mean the right thing at all); rather the distance is measured using the schema for down.adv, and is thus considered a modifier of the #Direction FE. In some very specific situations, prepositions, adjectives, and nouns can be used with a copula to describe the whole #Profiled_region where a #Figure is or could be, as in the following:

A #Mass_theme, generally made up of many individuals, moves from a #Source to a #Goal with some #Path.

A mathematical expression #Expression_1 has a relationship with another mathematical expression #Expression_2. This relationship may be of equality, inequality, or near-equality. The #Type of the equation may be specified. Senses of LUs in this frame that are not overtly mathematical should be placed in Contigency.

In this frame a #Substance is in a phase brought about after a change of phase. This can be its inherent phase or indicate that it is returned to its inherent state.

Words in this frame describe a relationship in which an #Item is expressed through a #Text.

A #Patient interacts with one or more #Medics (doctors, nurses, and/or EMTs with a responsibility for the #Patient's health) so that the #Medics can determine the health status of the #Patient and maintain or restore the #Patient's health as necessary. Usually, the #Patient has an #Affliction, a medical problem that motivates or necessitates their coming into the care of a #Medic. At a minimum, the #Patient has a single interaction with a #Medic, but usually the #Patient has a relationship with the #Medic or group of medical professionals who either have responsibility for helping them with their specific #Affliction or for their health in general. Medical interactions normally take place at a #Medical_center (a hospital or doctor's office), but in cases where the #Patient suffers a sudden catastrophic #Affliction, the #Patient may be taken into the care of EMTs, who act as their #Medic until reaching a medical center. In some cases, the #Body_system that has a problem is mentioned in place of the #Affliction.

Procedural or Medicine based #Interventions are used on a #Patient to attempt to alleviate a #Medical_condition. These interventions can have a #Frequency_of_success as well as #Side_effects. This frame differs from Cure in that this frame deals only with attempts to alleviate a #Medical_condition, whereas Cure deals with situations in which the Affliction or #Medical_condition has been cured.

Words in this frame name health conditions or diseases that a patient suffers from, is being treated for, may be cured of, or die of. The condition or disease may be described in a variety of ways, including the part or area of the body (#Body_part) affected by the condition (e.g. liver cancer, cardiovascular disease), the #Cause of the condition (e.g. bacterial meningitis, viral pneumonia), a prominent #Symptom of the condition (e.g. asymptomatic stenosis, blue ear disease), the #Patient or population (originally) affected by the condition (e.g. bovine tuberculosis, juvenile diabetes), or the (proper) #Name used to identify the condition (e.g. Munchausen Syndrome, Lou Gehrig's Disease). Annotation in this frame is done in respect to the name of the condition or disease.

This frame includes words that name medical specialties and is closely related to the Medical_professionals frame. The FE #Type characterizing a sub-are in a #Specialty may also be expressed.

This frame includes words for medical instruments--i.e. #Instruments designed for an institutional function or #Purpose.

This frame includes words that name medical professionals and is closely related to the Medical_specialties frame. The FE #Type characterizing a #Professional's sub-specialty may also be expressed.

A #Cognizer applies oneself to commit a #Pattern to memory, so that the #Cognizer would recognize future examples of the #Pattern or be able to reproduce it. This frame differs from Education_teaching in that the #Cognizer is construed as acting alone, with no indication of an interacting individual that provides guidance.

In this frame, a #Sentient_entity has some activity of the mind operating on a particular #Content or about a particular #Topic. The particular activity may be perceptual, emotional, or more generally cognitive. This non-lexical frame is intended primarily for inheritance.

An #Experiencer has an emotion as caused by a [Stimulus|Stimulus] or concerning a #Topic.

A #Stimulus serves to bring about an emotion of mental stimulation in an #Experiencer.

The adjectives and nouns in this frame are all based on the idea that mental properties may be attributed to a person (#Protagonist) by a (usually implicit) #Judge on the basis of that person's #Behavior, as broadly understood. Though on a conceptual level these words always attribute mental properties to people, they may be applied to #Protagonist's #Behaviors as well, with the understanding that the #Behavior is revealing a (usually temporary) property of the #Protagonist responsible for it. For example, while we may speak of a stupid person, we may also speak of a stupid thing to say/do/think. In addition, we may mention both the #Protagonist and the #Behavior, as in Some of the words in this frame also have slightly different uses, in which there is a constituent expressing the #Practice with respect to which the mental property holds of the #Protagonist, as in: While #Practice expressions do not co-occur with #Behavior expressions, they seem sufficiently different semantically to warrant a distinct frame element (FE) name. Also, while the FE #Behavior usually occurs in sentences expressing judgments that are based on specific events, #Practice occurs in sentences that are about general capabilities. In addition to the frame elements which are expressed, there is an understood judge (usually the speaker) in the background who forms the opinion of the #Protagonist's mental properties, judging the #Protagonist or the #Protagonist's #Behavior to be stupid, brilliant, etc.

An #Entity has a particular scalar #Attribute with a value exceeding a contextually-specified or generally-understood standard. Except where there is a difference in FEs, we place all adjectives related to measurable quantities in this frame. Note that when an adjective appears with a quantity expression (e.g., 6 feet long), it belongs to the Dimension frame.

This frame is concerned with nouns that denote #Units of measurement for volumes. The Frame Elements are #Unit, #Count, #Stuff, and #Size. The frame will be split soon into container-derived volumes (box, bottle etc.) and pure volumes (gallon, quart). For the moment we tag things as follows: This frame necessitated the introduction of the GF: Quant and the PT: Num used for expressions such as the following: FE: #Count, GF: Quant, PT: Num Note that we treat cardinal numbers and ""a"" (= 1) in the same way. FE: #Count, GF: Quant, PT: Num For the present, we prefer not to annotate ""many cups of coffee"" FE: #Count, GF: Quant, PT: Adj

This transparent noun frame is concerned with #Units for measuring the #Area of regions.

This frame is concerned with nouns that denote #Units of measurement for masses. The Frame Elements are #Unit, #Count, and #Stuff.

This frame contains (transparent ) nouns that are #Units of measurement for time. The frame elements are #Count, #Unit and #Process. In this frame, we will NOT annotate deictic, calendric uses of nouns like week, month, etc. as in ""next week, this month, in the 21st century"".

An #Entity is measured in some (implicit) #Attribute by quantifying the #Count of a particular #Unit whose value for the #Attribute is known. LUs and constructions whose meanings inherit from Measures are used in a relatively small, delimitable set of constructions. They may be complements of particular lexical constructions (a lengthof 20 ft., measures 20 ft.) or parts of non-lexical constructions (including Transparent Noun constructions and Measurement_plus_adjective and Measurement_plus_PP).

An #Entity has a particular #Value for an #Attribute which may be described in several different ways, including: #Degree of deviation from the #Value expected for the kind of #Entity seen in a particular instance, or in comparison to some other explicit comparison set. Absolute quantification in terms of the number of #Counts of a particular #Unit which equal the #Value for the #Attribute.

A building or location that can be sealed to prevent entrance, the #Locale, ceases to be open for use.

A place defined by an #Owner.

A place defined in terms of an event which occurred (or will occur) there. In the second example, the event FE is labeled with two labels, because the two words do not form a syntactic constituent; the first would be GF Genitive PT Possessive, and the second, GF Dependent and PT NP.

A #Locale is characterized by the type of entity associated with the #Locale. Some words specifically denote regions characterized by the individuals who typically live or work there. Typcial such #Characteristics include ethnicity, national origin, language, and other shared cultural traits.

A #Profiled_region is identified as being the region where an #Entity is located.

Geography as defined by its use.

A location from which a #Detonator activates a distantly-located explosive device.

A speaker comments on a part of their utterance on a metacommunicative level, informing the addressee about how the content (the #Proposition) is presented or meant to be taken. The #Metalinguistic_comment can relate to the form (choice of words) or the textual/ discourse function of the #Proposition, to its role regarding information structure and/or manifest the speaker’s stance towards the speech act. The #Metalinguistic_comment can also serve to connect the #Proposition to another part of the utterance, the #Context_proposition. Activation of this pragmatic frame entails co-evocation of the frame Communicative_Context, which provides the contextual/ situational factors relevant for the interaction in the form of frame elements: the Communicators (Utterer and Comprehender), Place and Time.

A #Cognizer holds a particular #Opinion, which may be portrayed as being about a particular #Topic.

In this frame a #Grinder or #Grinding_cause causes a #Patient to be broken into smaller pieces. A #Result or #Goal can be present.

This frame contains words that describe how potent a chemical is.

A #Possible_event is deemed to have all pre-conditions satisfied; in other words, it has some probability of occurrence, if some (generally implicit) further #Condition pertains. The #Condition, whether overt or implicit, often concerns the decision of an agent to attempt to bring the #Possible_event about. The primary implication is that certain other aspects of the situation that might have been expected to prevent the #Possible_event, usually lack of capability or permission, do not pertain. This frame is confusable with the Capability frame, which specifically involves an Agent who is presented as needing only the decision to perform an Action in order to successfully perform the Action.

A #Wearer wears accessories, which are made of some #Material and may have a #Style. Most of the accessories are non-essential (clothing) items.

In this frame an #Evaluee is described by a (usually implicit) #Judge with respect to the morality or rightness of his or her #Behavior.

A set of entities of the same or similar types (#Nodes) are linked to each other by #Connections to form a #Network allowing for the flow of information, resources, etc.

A #Protagonist is in the dynamic, maintained state of being alive or has exited this state.

frm_instrumentos_musicais

A piece of #Ammunition is a disposable artifact to be fired as a projectile in a weapon with the purpose of causing harm or damage.

A #Communicator announces (linguistically or non-linguistically) the imminent arrival of an #Individual or the occurrence of an #Event. Generally, the #Communicator is attempting to inform the public.

A speaker presents a sequence of information units that can be subsumed under a common integrator. The information units are marked as #List_element_1, #List_element_2 and #List_element_n and together make up an enumeration. Optionally, the common integrator or umbrella term used to refer to all #List_elements together is realised as the #List_total, preceding (and thus introducing) or following (and thus summing up) the enumeration. By pointing out the relation between segments of the text or discourse, the speaker provides the reader orientation within the text structure. It also contributes to disclosing the train of thought and text planning strategies employed as well as to establishing coherence. Activation of this pragmatic frame entails co-evocation of the frame #Communicative_Context, which provides the contextual/situational factors relevant for the interaction in the form of frame elements: the #Communicators (#Utterer and #Comprehender), #Place and #Time.

A #Speaker mentions a #Specified_entity filling a #Role, thereby providing information which supports a point of the #Speaker.

An #Agent who is engaged in an #Undertaking accords a #Degree of importance to a #Consideration that influences the success of an #Undertaking. As a consequence, the #Agent acts in a way that reflects that judgment of importance.

A #Speaker expresses through language his wish to get the #Addressee to act. The #Addressee forms an intention to act and does so.

A #Manipulator gets his #Victim to perform a #Resulting_action against what their better judgment would have been at the time. The means by which the #Manipulator overcomes or bypasses the #Victim's resistance to act need not be linguistic expression. In some cases, the #Goods may stand in for a #Resulting_action of the #Victim giving the #Manipulator the #Goods.

A #Recipient (who may or may not be agentive) ends up in possession of a #Mass_theme (which may be conceptualized as a single mass entity, or may be a group of individual entities). Some lexical units (e.g. [stockpile|Target]) specifically indicate an intentional #Recipient. This frame differs from Gathering_up in that this frame refers specifically to the acquisition and (according to expectation) long-term possession of entities, rather than (as in the Gathering_up frame) simply talking about causing a group of entities to be located in the same place. In sum, Gathering_up concerns (co-)locations, but Amassing concerns possession.

An #Agent (the punisher or rewarder) performs a #Response_action on an #Evaluee for a #Reason, the #Evaluee's actions or beliefs. #Means and #Instrument may also be indicated. The goal of the punishment/reward is to discourage/encourage the actions or beliefs. Words in this frame presuppose that a judgment of the #Evaluee has occurred and that the #Evaluee is (or becomes) aware of the judgment. This judgment was performed by a cognizer which is either the same as the #Agent, or, minimally, a representative of the same institution.

In this frame a #Profiled_item is higher that its #Standard_item on a scale with respect to some #Attribute. The #Extent of the difference between the #Standard_item and the #Profiled_item may also be mentioned. Furthermore, the particular value of the standard or profiled item on a certain scale may be given by the #Standard_attribute of the #Profiled_attribute respectively.

A #Trigger elicits a #Response. The #Response may either be some kind of action meant to address the #Trigger event or an expressed judgment of the #Trigger event.

A #Selector, often an individual in a leadership role, appoints an #Appointee to assume a #Role in an organization (which can be expressed as the #Body). Words of this frame are often used to describe Change_of_leadership situations, since Change_of_leadership is perhaps the most frequent kind of Appointing.

The subframe of Relinquish in which the #Owner (= Donor) no longer has the #Possession (=Theme).

A #Deceiver performs some action so that the #Victim ends up with an incorrect understanding about some #Topic. The #Means may be via communication, perceptual obscuration, or merely performing an action that the #Victim will draw incorrect conclusions from.

This is an abstract frame for acts performed by sentient beings. It exists mostly for FE inheritance.

A #Self_mover intentionally moves in a #Directionon a #Path relative to landmark that is neither the #Source nor the #Goal of the overall motion. The shape or configuration of the #Path may be expressed with a #Path_shape

The #Creator creates a new entity, the #Created_entity, possibly out of #Components.

An #Agent causes a #Patient to be affected, sometimes by a particular #Means or by use of an #Instrument.

A #Duty is imposed on a #Responsible_party according to a #Principle which regulates how the #Responsible_party should respond to a #Situation. The #Situation may be expressed metonymically by reference to an #Obligator, whose action invokes the #Principle. It is only rarely the case that the #Principle and the #Situation/#Obligator are both expressed overtly.

A #Piece_of_furniture is a physical entity, being a type of furniture created for a specific #Use like the decoration of a room. Several properties of the #Piece_of_furniture can be specified, such as its #Creator, #Time_of_creation, #Name, #Type, #Origin, #Constituent_parts, #Description, #Material of which it is composed, #Quantity and the #Place where it is.

An #Agent temporarily places a #Theme into a #Substance, often with the intention to remove it later. The #Substance may be metonymically represented by its container. The #Theme may be partially or completely submerged.

An #Assailant physically attacks a #Victim (which is usually but not always sentient), causing or intending to cause the #Victim physical damage. A #Weapon used by the #Assailant may also be mentioned, in addition to the usual #Place, #Time, #Purpose, #Explanation, etc. Sometimes a location is used metonymically to stand for the #Assailant or the #Victim, and in such cases the #Place FE will be annotated on a second FE layer.

A #Billing_authority communicates in written form that the #Debtor owes the #Owed_party (often the same as the #Billing_authority) some amount of #Money for certain #Goods (including services) provided by the #Owed_party or to clear a debt for a #Bad_action by the #Debtor against the #Owed_party.

This frame contains general words denoting equipment where the #Use or purpose is not specified by the lexeme but (typically) by a separate expression. The words are described with respect to the #Use for which the item is used or its typical #User.

Two (or more) people (the #Parties, also encodable as #Party_1 and #Party_2) come to an agreement committing them to carrying out an #Obligation. The agreement is construed as non-ideal for both parties but necessary to end a dispute. The process is understood to be symmetrical or reciprocal. Instead of a specific mention of the #Obligation, a #Topic expression may be used to indicate the domain covered.

An #Entity is in a state such that it participates in a preponderance of states and events which are desirable for it. For living entities, this may entail a proliferation of instances of the entity, or of desirable properties associated with the (single) entity. For non-living entities (economies, political locales, academic topics, etc.), this entails a proliferation of instances, or of activities that lead to instances, or any attribute that would prevent the entity from disappearing. This state is conceived of as temporary, or at least contingent on a number of changeable factors. Words expressing the opposite state, i.e., a lack of such positive activity, are also in this frame.

An #Entity changes from a #Prior_state to a #Post_state in a sequence that follows a pre-defined plan, expectation, or model of change. The change is usually assumed to be an improvement for the #Entity. Because this frame is describing change according to some known model of the #Entity, the #Prior_state and #Post_state are backgrounded, and often implicit. This frame is not equivalent to the frame Improvement_or_decline for two reasons. Firstly, Progression implies a smooth or multi-stage change involving several different states of the #Entity in an expected sequence, while Improvement_or_decline may be simple or complex, in accord with an expected sequence or not. Secondly, progression along an expected sequence does not necessarily mean that things get better (or worse) for the #Entity. This is clear in the case of progression of a disease, since different ailments have very different expected sequenes, with initial onset leading to expected disappearance (for cases like the cold), or to permanent impairment (in the case of Parkinsons), or to death (in many forms of cancer). However, it is more confusing in the very common case of the progress of a biological #Entity from birth to death, where this frame often emphasizes the phases of the lifespan where the organism increases in ability, thus reaching a more desirable state. Plans are also spoken of as progressions, and because the expected sequence is towards the goal of the agents that formed the plan, these uses of the progress frame also emphasize improvement.

An [Agent|Agent] leaves behind a [Theme|Theme] effectively rendering it no longer within their control or of the normal security as one's property. There are also metaphorically used examples:

A #Self_mover leaves an initial #Source location. The #Path by which the Self_mover departs, and the #Intended_goal of the #Direction may also be mentioned. In many words which evoke this frame, there is an additional implication that the #Self_mover is discontented with the #Source location.

A #Customer requests an #Entity from a #Supplier. The #Customer can order the #Entity himself or via a #Medium.

A #Victim comes to have incorrect beliefs as a result of exposure to a #Deception. The #Deception is necessarily orchestrated by one or more agents, though these are not expressible by the LUs in this frame.

The words in this frame describe acts (or situations characterized by acts) that cause injury or harm. The acts may involve an #Aggressor or #Cause injuring a #Victim, or [Aggressors|ags] causing each other harm.

An #Entity comes into existence at a particular #Place and #Time which may take a certain #Duration_of_final_state, have a #Explanation, or be formed from #Components.

A #State_of_affairs has held and continues to hold up to the #Reference_occasion.

In this frame, an #Agent places the #Theme in the #Medium for an extended period of time, with the intent that the #Theme will be affected by and absorb some of the #Medium.

A #Manner describes general or specific characteristics of an event in one of three ways: First, it can refer to how a #Comparison_event transpires, absent the influence of an entity (e.g. ""the way you talk""). Second, it can refer to how a #Salient_entity conducts, performs, or otherwise participates in a #Comparison_activity (e.g. ""her manner of speaking""). Thirdly, the #Manner can describe a #Foreground_event by relating the #Foreground_event to a #Manner_descriptor (e.g. ""written (in) a silly way"", ""written the way I do""). This frame is unusual in requiring a modifying relative clause for the FE #Comparison_event, and also allowing a relative clause to serve as a #Manner_descriptor. The LU way.n, when definite, may be modified by a relative clause meaning ""in the same manner that...""; the relative clause in such cases is annotated as #Comparison_event:

An #Experiencer actualizes a certain pattern of behavior, a #Lifestyle, which persists for a significant period of time in the #Experiencer's life and is recognized as part of his character or normal routine. The #Lifestyle is not necessarily realized intentionally, and may just be the result of circumstance.

This frame contains words that denote people who are not participating in a military #Conflict.

An #Anti_consequence is presented as not occurring if the #Profiled_possibility occurs.

This frame models the semantic contribution of negation, in which the profiled content of the #Negated_proposition is asserted to contrast incompatibly with a corresponding #Factual_situation, which is normally implicit. The #Negated_proposition and the #Factual_situation share non-focal content, on the basis of which they correspond, and contrast in a subset of their content, the focal content, established with reference to a set of focus constructions not described here. (The focus of negation is often conveyed intonationally in spoken English; in text, however, negative focus must be derived inferentially from contextual reference. A subset of focus constructions will be annotated in the constructicon.) While the semantics of negation are quite different from the semantics belonging to most frames, at a minimum, our modeling of the concept using frame semantic tools can be viewed as a practical attempt to label a problem and annotate examples that may inform further research. Negation can be evoked verbally (analytic or synthetic) or nominally. Negators include ""not"", ""no"", ""never"", and negational affixes, such as those used on inflected verbs in synthetic verbal negation (wasn't, isn't, haven't).

A #Wrongdoer engages in a #Misdeed.

A #Stimulus inspires a feeling of awe and interest in a (generally implicit or generic) #Experiencer due to desirable qualities which are difficult to explain. Alternatively, the #Attribute of the #Stimulus may be described instead.

LUs in this frame describe a non-commutative statement of arithmetic, e.g. subtraction and division, involving two numbers, labeled #Term_1 and #Term_2. This frame contrasts with Arithmetic_non-commutative_process in that the statement frame emphasizes the relationship between the terms in combining to form some #Result. Because of the non-commutative nature of these processes, #Term_1 and #Term_2 are not separated on a grammatical basis but rather on a mathematical basis (see FE definitions). When referencing the process, the numbers can be vague and are often omitted through indefinite null instantiation.

LUs in this frame describe a non-commutative process (as opposed to a generic statement) of arithmetic, e.g. subtraction and division, involving two numbers, labeled #Term_1 and #Term_2. Because of the non-commutative nature of these processes, #Term_1 and #Term_2 are not separated on a grammatical basis but rather on a mathematical basis (see FE definitions). When referencing the process, the numbers can be vague and are often omitted through indefinite null instantiation.

Unless a particular #Required_situation obtains, #Negative_consequences will follow. Alternatively, the #Required_situation is required to achieve a #Purpose (which avoids #Negative_consequences). A set of #Circumstances may be specified under which the requirement holds. Most, but not all, LUs of this frame are usable in a context that implies a duty or responsibility, concepts related to the Being_obligated frame. However, our analysis is that such interpretations are due to contextual pragmatic strengthening--in other words, a duty is a frequently salient type of purpose that has negative consequences if not achieved.

An #Entity is obscure, unnotable, and in general little-known. In the case of an eventive #Entity, lack of fame entails a large number of people not being aware of the event's occurence; in the case of a concrete #Entity, including humans, lack of fame entails non-awareness of existence.

This frame consists of words that describe a hostile encounter between opposing forces (#Side_1 and #Side_2, collectively conceptualizable as #Sides) over a disputed #Issue and/or in order to reach a specific #Purpose.

An #Experiencer is in an undesirable #Situation, whose #Explanation may also be expressed.

A #Reported_fact is presented by the speaker as deriving from statements (made directly to them or to others) of third parties.

An #Experiencer, #Expressor, or #State has a feeling of annoyance as evoked by a #Stimulus or concerning a #Topic.

A #Combatant is declared or loyal to a Side in a military Conflict. The #Combatant is not part of any regular or (highly) organized fighting organization (such as an army), and is not necessarily a fighter by vocation.

During her stay at a #Place, the #Tourist can get involved in an #Accident.

A #Theme has the potential of falling from its current #Location, which would likely result in damage.

A #Figure is characterized as near the #Ground, according to some contextually given scale. Many lexical units of this frame additionally specify in which direction relative to the #Ground one can find the #Figure (under.prep, north.adv), or directions from the #Ground from which the #Figure is excluded (e.g. beside.prep excludes the vertical and front/back axes); for specifications of direction, see the semantic types attached to the lexcial units. Members of this frame that make reference to an absolute, earth-based grid (e.g. north, south, etc.) imply a geographic scale of proximity, and so are frequently not paraphrasable as ""near"". The subset of LUs that inherently pick out a particular direction (e.g. north, behind) may occur with a specification of a #Distance in that direction from a #Ground at which the #Figure may be found, while LUs that pick out two or more directions of relevance from a #Ground (e.g. beside) can only characterize the general accessibility of the #Figure relative to the #Ground. This frame is intended to cover a limited set of productive metaphor cases in which allegiance is expressed as a Devotee standing to one side or behind an Allegiance_holder: This frame is not intended for metaphorical cases of quantity specification: This frame does not cover the multitude of other metaphorical cases like ""next to impossible"", ""under consideration"", ""under his rule"", ""beside himself"", ""beside the point"".

Compared to its #Competitors, a #Standard is at the high end of a scale with respect to some #Variable. The #Competitors are frequently not realized syntactically. When there is no overt #Variable it must be understood from the context. When the target occurs as the modifier of a predicate nominal, it is tagged as #Standard, rather than #Variable.

Some individual or group ceases to be able to sustain an #Endeavor (a long-term activity involving economic interaction with the public, often a business venture). Unlike Business_closure and Locale_closure, the #Endeavor need not refer to an organization or business tied to a specific location or locations.

An #Experiencer does not achieve a #Desired_goal. Typically, the #Experiencer is the object of the verb. Metaphorically, a pursued entity is not captured. This frame is a metaphorical extension of the Evading frame. The Evading frame concerns literal motion of two self-directed entities, one of which moves in such a way as to successfully prevent the other from capturing it. In the case of the Elusive_goal frame, however, there is no literal motion, but rather a #Desired_goal that is not ""captured"" by the #Experiencer that would like the #Desired_goal to be true or known.

An #Entity is judged by a sound #Attribute of some perceived level of #Volume intensity.

A #Resisting_entity is capable of resisting or does resist a physical #Opposing_force to a level specified by the target. With certain LUs (e.g. impregnable.a), the #Opposing_force FE is incorporated, and with many LUs, it is mostly null instantiated. This frame covers both individual-level/static uses (""the DURABILITY of jade"") as well as stage-level/dynamic uses (""the shoulder is PLIABLE after stretching""), although the individual-level meaning is the more basic and is much more prominent in the data. Productive metaphors include cases where the social resistance of an entity to (an) opposing social force(s) is conceptualized as the physical resistance of an entity to an opposing physical force. More specifically, the ‘resistance’ is an entity’s propensity to resist change in social realms such as the economic, political, and cultural: Similarly, there are instances where the entity’s resistance is psychological instead of social, where ‘psychological’ subsumes emotional and other mental properties: Compare to: Level_of_force_exertion.

There is a gradable amount of light in a particular #Location. In some cases the #Source of light may be indicated instead of the #Location. The negetive LUs in this frame can be used metaphorically to describe time periods which can be characterized as bad or lacking in awareness, as shown in the following examples:

An #Exerter, #Action, or #Force is capable of exerting or does exert a physical force at a level specified by the target. That physical force may cause deformation or breakage of, or simply motion in the receiving entity. The receiving entity is conceptually present (even if remotely), but is usually not lexically explicit. This frame covers both individual-level/static uses (""a STRONG person"") as well as stage-level/dynamic uses (""a STRONG push""). However, the durative, individual-level meaning appears more frequently in the data and seems more basic. #Exerter, #Action, and #Force belong to a Core set. There are several productive metaphors covered by this frame. The first and most common is one in which social influence or control is conceptualized as the physical exertion of force. The social influence/control is more specifically a propensity to cause change in social realms such as the economic, political, militaristic, cultural, or intimate: Another similar metaphor is one in which psychological influence or control is understood as the physical exertion of force. The psychological influence/control includes the emotional as well: A third metaphor involves the amount of an entity construed as the physical force exertion of said entity. Depending on context, amount could be volume, etc. (“STRONGEST critics”; “MIGHTY uproar”). Two related physical force dynamic frames are Level_of_force_resistance and Dynamism. This frame is distinguished from the Level_of_force_resistance frame in that it describes the level of force exertion instead of the level of resistance, and also in that there are three categories of core FE available to the target (i.e #Exerter, #Action, or #Force), whereas in Level_of_force_resistance there are only two core FEs (i.e. Resisting_entity and Opposing_force). Of the latter frame's FEs, Opposing_force specifies the thing that the main entity resists to a level desginated by the target. Its parallel in Level_of_force_exertion is implied but backgrounded to the extent that it rarely appears as explicit lexical material; thus there is no corresponding core FE. This frame differs from Dynamism with regard to individual-level cases; targets here express the FE's capability. In contrast, Dynamism targets express the FE's tendency. For example, ""a STRONG person"" is generally construed as a person who is capable of strength, while ""an ENERGETIC person"" (energetic.a from the Dynamism frame) is construed as a person who tends to be energetic. However, there is overlap between the two frames in stage-level cases - ""a STRONG push"" and ""an ENERGETIC push"" seem rather comparable.

The words in this frame describe entities that occur in some temporally-ordered sequence. The entities thus have some sort of relation between them that might be described by the Relative_time frame. However, at this time, this frame has no Frame Relation with that frame (though this is still under discussion). Additionally, it should be noted that the words in this frame have a metaphorical link to the words in Shape.

#Money is a medium used for exchanging goods and services. It is in most cases issued by a government (its #Creator) in the form of coins and banknotes. Particular amounts of it may have a designated or planned #Use, or may have come from some #Origin.

The #Payer is (legally) forced to pay a #Fine by an official #Speaker as a punishment for some action (the #Reason). The #Speaker represents an entity which receives the payment. Compare to: Citing.

A Distributor sells, lends, or otherwise distributes a class of Goods. In the prototypical case, the Distributor is a retailer who generally keeps some type of Goods on site for the purpose of selling it to a buyer. Extensions include lending Goods (e.g., libraries, movie rental outlets), organization-internal distribution (as in a hospital), or other non-commercial distribution centers. The Goods are constrained to be a type of item (e.g., canned goods, antique dressers) rather than a particular or unique item (e.g., Smith's last self-portrait, that guitar I saw here last week). Note that a Distributor may carry some particular goods, but may not have it on hand at that exact moment.

The words in this frame refer to what #Clothing the #Wearer (or a specific #Body_part of the #Wearer) has on. Many targets incorporate the #Clothing item, and some targets describe the state of not wearing something (when it might be expected). NB: There is a very common metonymy in which characteristics of the clothing stand for the clothing itself, such as Such sentences should be tagged METAPHOR on the sentence level.

A #Protagonist has (or does not have) a #Weapon. The #Degree to which the #Protagonist is armed may also be described. The #Protagonist is normally a human but may be a device that has subsidiary weapons.

An #Offerer indicates that he or she is able and willing to give a #Theme to a #Potential_recipient. In the absence of further qualifications, it is often understood that the #Potential_recipient accepts the #Theme.

An #Initial_element is converted into a #Final_element via a process of decay, fusion, or fission which changes the number or type of hadrons (protons or neutrons) in the nucleus of the atoms that make up the #Element.

A #Publisher makes a #Work of an #Author (or authors) available to some public #Audience for general enjoyment, examination, and reference. The #Medium of a #Work can vary; examples include books, TV programs, movies, and radio shows. Publication normally involves a number of other events, such as editing and advertising of the #Work, and mass production and sales of a represenation of the #Work; thus in the most elaborated version of publication, there are a number of other potential roles, such as editor, publicist/advertizer, distributor, printer, etc., but none of these show up as separate, syntactically distinguished roles for the LUs in this frame.

A #Question about the reason or cause of a known #State_of_affairs is presented as being answered by the existence of a particular #Fact. The exact chain of reasoning, including the answer itself, of which the #Fact is a part is not specified. Contrast this frame with the Evidence frame which casts a Support (a fact) as providing Evidence for, or conclusively proving, the Proposition (another proposed fact). Thus, there is no open question in the Evidence frame.

An #Influencing_entity, an #Influencing_situation, or an #Influencing_variable has an influence on a #Dependent_entity, #Dependent_situation, or a #Dependent_variable. Compare to Subjective_influence. Words in Objective_influence are used to make claims about correlations in the world, where words in Subjective_influence are used to explain emotional impacts made on cognizers.

The #Agent is assigned to a #Post where he or she performs a task associated with that #Post. Alternatively, the #Agent is expressed as acting with respect to a #Salient_entity associated with the task. In most cases the #Salient_entity is located at the #Post.

Under some, usually implicit, #Condition a #Duty needs to be fulfilled by a #Responsible_party. If the #Duty is not performed, there may be some undesirable social #Consequence for the #Responsible_party. This #Consequence may or may not be stated overtly.

A #Speaker makes a commitment to an #Addressee to carry out some future action. This may be an action desirable (as with promise) or not desirable (as with threaten) to the #Addressee. Some of the words in this frame allow an #Addressee to be expressed. Other words cannot normally occur with an #Addressee.

The judge or other court officer (the Authority) informs the #Accused of the #Charges against him/her, i.e. the alleged actions and the relevant laws. Compare to: Citing.

An #Agent disables a flying or floating #Patient, causing it to be unable to support itself in its current medium.

A #Host provides a temporary #Residence for a #Lodger.

A #Location is filled or covered with the #Theme. The #Location is realized as the External Argument, and the #Theme either as PP complement headed by with, in or of. NB: This frame does not include uses of adjectives like paved when they merely specify the Type of some location, as in ""paved and unpaved roads"".

A #Tourist experiences an #Attraction, a location with a unique history or other societally recognized individual character, with the goal of seeing and learning about it. Typically, the #Attraction has a source of information about the #Attraction--a guide, pamphlets, or displays.

An #Event is described in terms of the diversity of entities that are affected or considered in the #Event. Alternatively a #Salient_entity which enables or brings about the #Event can be similarly described.

A #Behavior is classified as entrenched for a #Protagonist or a #Society. The #Behavior may be associated with a particular #Domain of experience and described with a #Descriptor. This indicates that the #Behavior is commonly performed by the #Protagonist or members of the #Society.

A #Wearer puts on an item of #Clothing, which then occupies the #Body_location.

This frame descibes a #Shape that #Data makes on a #Graph.

The words in this frame describe the ""fictive"" motion of a stationary #Road. Some of the targets cast the scene primarily in terms of the #Path_shape: Some of the words in this frame imply a #Source or #Goal which is expressed by a direct object: Other members of the frame refer to a #Direction: Yet others indicate a #Path which requires mention of a landmark:

An entity is a shaped #Part of a larger #Whole. The #Part may correspond in form and function to a part of another entity. For instance, the leg of a table supports the weight of a table like the leg of an animal or person supports their weight. The #Orientation of the #Part relative to the #Whole may be expressed.

An #Agent manipulates a #Theme so that it ends up in a particular shape or configuration denoted by a #Resultant_configuration.

This frame contains words which describe the dimensional extent and #Shape of a #Substance. These words do not make reference to a Part-whole relationship. There can also be a descriptor of the #Shape, #Shape_prop.

A #Speaker communicates about a #Topic in such a way as to mislead an #Addressee, either by telling outright lies or by presenting a message in a misleading form.

A #Deceiver succeeds or fails in causing a #Victim to have a misunderstanding about a #Topic.

Deception is a scenario in which a #Deceiver attempts to make it such that a #Victim comes to an incorrect understanding about a #Topic. This may be done by presenting a misleading #Phenomenon to the #Victim, or by concealing the existence of items which the #Victim may be interested in. Note that the #Victim is not necessarily aware of the (possible) existence of the #Topicor items related to it.

A Deceiver successfully causes a Victim to end up with incorrect beliefs about a Topic. The Victim comes to these beliefs from perceiving a Deception.

A Speaker starts a communicative interaction by referring to the #Addressee or Addressees. The choice of the form of #Address characterizes their social relation. Addressing at the text opening serves to establish contact and thus contributes to structuring the interaction. This frame is limited by the position of its instantiations in the text: unlike the frame Address_focus_addressee [so far defined only for German: Anrede_Fokus_Adressat], it occurs exclusively at the beginning of an interaction. The frame #Appellations describes the use of names and titles for addressing people. Activation of this pragmatic frame entails co-evocation of the frame #Communicative_Context, which provides the contextual/ situational factors relevant for the interaction in the form of frame elements: the #Communicators (#Utterer and #Comprehender), #Place and #Time.

An #Agent alters some #Material in some useful way by means of some chemical or physical #Alterant. Typically, this involves placing a reagent in contact with the #Material, or applying heat, pressure, etc. Often a specific #Agent and/or #Result is mentioned. The #Alterant is often incorporated in the target, as in tin.v, galvanize. (The Preserving frame is a special case of Processing_materials, in which the #Material is immersed in the #Alterant for the Purpose of preventing decay.) Processing_materials is distinguished from Filling in that the #Material in Processing_materials is fundamentally altered (often chemically), rather than simply being covered with a different substance.

This frame contains words referring to teaching and the participants in teaching. A #Student comes to learn either about a #Subject; a #Skill; a #Precept; or a #Fact as a result of instruction by a #Teacher. Some of the nouns (schoolmaster, -mistress) in this frame refer to administrative positions and do not take relevant frame elements; these will be moved. Frame-Element relations: Several Frame element relations hold in this frame. There is a core-set {#Material, #Teacher} (possibly also including #Institution); these FE's can fill the subject slot of the teach-type verbs. There is another core-set {#Precept, #Subject, #Skill, #Fact, #Role} to do with what is learnt. In addition, the FE #Qualification may occur with #Subject and #Role Phrases expressing #Qualification also very often include information about the #Subject (see below), which is to be annotated on the second layer.

This frame concerns rituals performed in line with religious beliefs or tradition.

When words of this frame are used as hedge markers, they signal that the speaker of the sentence wishes to be careful about asserting some #Hedged_content. Use of a hedge marker may mean that the speaker is uncertain of how factual of the #Hedged_content is, or uncertain of whether they're expressing the idea behind #Hedged_content well, or it may mean that the #Hedged_content is socially undesirable or awkward in the conversational context. Because these words serve to indicate hesitancy, often for purposes of increased politeness, speakers may use several encodings of hedging simultaneously to iconically indicate the degree of politeness or hesitancy that they wish to express: There is also an ironic or sarcastic use of LUs in this frame, as in the following: Words expressing small quantities or degrees (e.g., ""a tad"", ""a little"", etc.) can be used in a very similar function to words of this frame. However, these words do not simply signify hesitation, but merely frequently imply it when used to modify a predication. Such words can only be used on their on or with a noun to signify a small quantity or number (""a little whiskey"", see Proportional_quantity), or with an adjective to indicate that the quality described by the adjective is close to average (""a mite stupid"", ""somewhat confused"" see Degree). Words of those frames may be nested within noun phrases or in other positions where content is not asserted but rather presupposed. Words that belong to the Hedging frame, by contrast, either take a noun complement and indicate hesitancy or imprecision concerning the category (""something of a klutz""), or modify an entire proposition to indicate imprecision of the proposition (""I, like, waved it around""). In both cases, the #Hedged_content must occur in the at-issue focus of a proposition, the part of a statement that the speaker is, so to speak, on record as asserting.

An #Agent or #Cause limits a #Range_of_options to having a certain #Characteristic. The #Characteristic may be that only certain types of the #Range_of_options may be acceptable, or (in the case of a plural or mass #Range_of_options) that only certain cardinalities or quanties are acceptable. Alternatively, the #Degree to which the #Range_of_options is limited may be mentioned.

This scenario concerns an #Agent inhibiting the motion of a #Theme against the desire, plan, or tendency to be free. After a period of time, the #Agent may choose to release the #Theme, or the #Theme may escape or be broken free by an intervening cause.

An #Entity that would be expected to have a characteristic to a certain degree (typically based on comparison to other entities of the same type) instead has a more limited degree of that characteristic.

An #Exterior, #Surface, #Boundary, and #Interior are picked out relative to the #Ground. This #Ground may either occupy only the #Boundary (in which case the #Interior is negative space) or the #Ground may fill the #Interior.

An #Entity is understood to be experienceable within a particular set of delimited #Circumstances, which may be more narrowly expressed by a #Time, #Place.

An #Agent restricts the movement of a #Theme to within the vicinity of the #Holding_location, despite the #Theme's desire, plan, or tendency towards motion; the #Agent may also use an #Instrument. Alternatively, there may be a non-sentient #Cause instead of an #Agent restricting the #Theme. For many of these targets, the means is incorporated. For some LUs, the #Theme is required to be a sentient entity. Several of these LUs may be used to describe punishment situations when the #Theme is a sentient entity.

An #Agent (usually a group) refuses to follow the orders and demands of the #Old_leader and attempts to bring about a situation where the #Old_leader no longer has their leadership #Role. In some cases, the #Agent has a specific #New_leader that they wish to fill the #Role, but sometimes there is no clear #New_leader.

A #Defender successfully repels the aggressive attempt of takeover by an #Enemy.

In this frame, an #Authority allows a #Protagonist to know (in some way) that they may or may not engage in an #Action. For lexical units of this frame marked with the semantic type ""Negative"", e.g., authorize.v, the #Authority has the power to tell the #Protagonist not to do something, but does not do so. It is assumed that if the #Protagonist engages in the #Action without permission, then the #Authority will punish the #Protagonist in some way, at least with disapproval; if the #Authority grants permission, however, the #Authority is agreeing not to impose a punishment on the #Protagonist for performing the #Action.

These words refer to separating a #Whole into #Parts, or separating one part from another. The separation is made by an #Agent or #Cause and may be made on the basis of some #Criterion.

The Detaching frame covers two situations: a scene in which somebody causes one thing to be physically detached from something else; or a scene in which somebody causes two things to be disconnected from each other. In the first, the frame includes an #Agent who detaches an #Item from a #Source, creating an asymmetric relationship between the #Item and the #Source. In the second, the #Agent attaches two #Items to each other, where each serves as a #Source relative to the other, creating a symmetric relationship between the two #Items. Note in both cases, after the removal of the connector, the #Items that were formerly attached re-appear as the two separate or potentially separate entities that they were throughout.

Raising

An #Agent performs a #Response action in consequence of a #Trigger event. In many cases, a non-agentive #Responding_entity causes the #Response after the #Trigger occurs.

A #Trigger elicits a #Response by some #Responding_entity or an #Agent.

A #Speaker addresses a #Proposal made by an #Interlocutor, either agreeing to it or rejecting it. Agreeing entails a social responsibility on the #Speaker to bring about some state of affairs encoded in the #Proposal.

An #Agent is responsible for having intentionally performed an #Act or for being the or a primary instigator behind the #Act. There is often a sense of negative evaluation of the #Agent for having done so. Note: the noun responsibility in this frame frequently occurs with take and claim. These words are considered controllers (rather than supports), as they express events of communication rather than the static relationship of responsibility.

This frame refers to clothing and its characteristics, including anything that people conventionally wear. The #Wearer wears a #Garment that has a certain #Style, is made of a certain #Material, and can be otherwise characterized by a #Descriptor. In some cases, the #Body_location (where the garment is worn) and #Subregion of the clothing may also be specified.

The #Subparts of #Clothing items worn by a #Wearer and made of a certain #Material. The #Subpart may itself have parts, which we label #Subregion:

An #Agent decides temporarily not to perform a #Desirable_action or not to interact with a #Salient_entity.

An object (the #Theme) moves away from a #Source. The #Source may be expressed or it may be understood from context, but its existence is always implied by the departing word itself.

An single #Subpart breaks off from a #Whole.

A #Cognizer makes a #Decision, which may be about an entity or a course of action. How (and whether) this frame is distinct from Choosing is currently up for debate.

The #Outcome of a contest is described in terms of the #Margin between what would be required for victory and the actual #Outcome.

Two sentient beings have a permanent or semi-permanent #Relation to each other. This relation may be symmetrically construed as between the #Individuals or it may be construed assymetrically, such that #Individual_1 is identified by their relation to the (implicitly better-known) #Individual_2.

A #Patient has a #Medical_condition that can be understood by its #Symptoms. This frame has been constructed to list all the ways to speak of relating a #Patient, a #Medical_condition, and #Symptoms, including LUs that are also related to much more general frames like Causation (e.g. cause.v).

One linguistic unit, #Sign_1, has a relation to another linguistic unit, #Sign_2. This relation may be semantic, phonological, orthographic, or distributional in nature. The parameter along which the two signs are set in relation to each other is incorporated in the meaning of the target words in this frame. When the relation is symmetrical, the two linguistic units can be expressed jointly, #Signs. Otherwise they have to be expressed disjointly. Ordinarily it is assumed that one linguistic unit has exactly one meaning but in cases where this is not so, a set of #Circumstances may be specified that helps pick out the relevant sense.

A #Speaker declares that they will no longer be involved with the #Content. Such a declaration implies that the #Speaker has decided that association with the #Content is somehow undesirable.

A #Protagonist has made a #Commitment but does not honor it, thereby doing harm to an #Affected_party.

An individual that is scheduled to be a #Participant, or already is a #Participant in an #Activity or an #Organization, indicates that they will no not or no longer participate in that #Activity or #Organization. Note that the #Organization often is one that is constituted by a treaty or agreement.

The words in this frame describe the process of making amends for some (wrongful) action (the #Injury) committed by the #Wrongdoer. In this process, in order to appease the #Injured_party or to follow laws or customs, the #Wrongdoer performs some #Benefiting_action for the #Injured_party or gives the #Injured_party some #Gift.

A #Cause triggers a #System to operate in accordance with its intended purpose. Alternatively, an #Actor (acting volitionally or not) which participates in the #Cause, stands in for the #Cause. The #System often has the capability to detect and signal the presence of an object or the occurence of an event (metal, an earthquake). It may also be or contain an explosive device. The Means by which the Cause activates the System may also be specified.

An #Asset, the safety of which is desirable, is protected from damage by a covering, the #Armor. The #Armor covers part or all of the #Asset and is designed to absorb force from an oncoming #Danger.

A #Figure surrounds a #Ground. The #Ground location is presented as more likely to be a known location than the location of the #Figure. Some lexical units entail more-or-less complete surrounding in two or three dimensions (e.g. surround.v), while others entail surrounding on only two sides (e.g. astride.prep, straddle.v). Like other locative relations, the #Figure may be any of a movable entity, an immovable entity, or an event. This frame resembles the Abounding_with frame, in that both involve a #Figure ""covering"" some #Ground, but the Surrounding frame differs in that the #Profiled_region is not coextensive with the #Ground, as it is in the Adorning frame, and, in fact, unusually for a locative relation, the #Ground entity is normally smaller than the #Figure. For this reason, the verbs of this frame are often used in the passive (restoring the normal relationship of stative subjects to oblique elements). In addition to several lexical units of this frame originating as metaphorical extentions of much more specific posture descriptions (straddle.v, astride.prep), this frame is itself used in a productive metaphor, involving abstract entities metaphorically ""impinging"" on other entities (in terms of derivative similarity, control, etc.), as in the following: Common abstract entities that serve as #Figure include emotions ('the hopelessness [surrounding|Target] them'), as well as theories, arguments, and collective philosophies ('Ageism [surrounds|Target] us, but passes largely unnoticed'). This metaphor arises from the normal invited implicature of this frame that the #Figure may physically impinge on the #Ground, either protecting it, or limiting its motion, or even supporting it.

This is an abstract frame for bounded areas, used mostly for FE inheritance.

In this frame a #Hindrance makes it more difficult for a #Protagonist to complete their intended #Action or a #Hindrance directly affects an #Action where the #Action can be a natural act or the actions of many individuals in a collective endeavor. Crucially, these lexical units do not entail that the #Protagonist was unable to complete the #Action or that the #Action did not occur. The #Hindrance may indicate a lack of enablement or an obstacle on the natural progression of the #Protagonist or #Action

An #Entity develops from a #Prior_state to a #Post_state. The #Entity can also be represented by an entity-denoting adjective which is labeled #Domain as shown in the first example below. NOTE: This frame is not intended for the evolution of an entire species, but rather the development of a single organism.

A #Tester uses a concrete or conceptual #Product in order to determine either whether it works or to find out how well or in which manner it works. The #Tester may have particular #Unwanted_characteristics in mind that they are specifically looking for. The operational test may also be carried out under a particular set of #Circumstances that are typically relevant to the functioning of the #Product.

An #Entity is in motion at a particular #Speed, a momentaneous description of distance traveled per time. LUs of this frame are commonly involved in a semantic construction in which, instead of describing the current #Speed, they rather describe some other #Speed saliently associated with the #Entity, such as maximum possible #Speed of the #Entity or (for an #Entity used as an implement) #Speed when in operation. This construction can be defined as follows: A phrase describing a temporary (stage-level) property (A) of an entity (B) is pumped to a phrase describing an individual-level property predicating or attributing the entity's (B's) salient association with such a property (A) under some salient conditions, especially the conditions of use of the entity. E.g., in the Temperature or Location_of_light frames:

This frame covers descriptions of an entire human body, viewed as a gestalt (as opposed to descriptions based on salient body parts). The Frame Elements are #Individual and #Figure.